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[electricity flicks on]
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[generators humming]
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[audio feedback hums]
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[radio frequencies squealing]
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[radio announcer] At this time,
the Columbia Broadcasting System
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brings you the news of the world
as reported by its correspondents
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in the major world capitals.
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First to be heard from tonight,
is William L. Shirer.
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This is Columbia in New York
calling William L. Shirer.
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Come in, Mr. Shirer.
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[intriguing music playing]
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[Deirdre van Dyk] My grandfather reported
for Universal News Service in Berlin,
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but then in 1937, he gets a job with CBS.
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He can be based maybe in Geneva or Vienna,
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and he chooses Vienna.
It's where my grandmother's from.
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He loves Vienna.
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Meanwhile, this chaos
is happening in Austria.
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The Germans are massing on the border,
they're talking about invading…
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[crowd] Heil!
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[van Dyk] There's a lot of fear
and unrest in the capital.
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Clearly, Austria's collapsing.
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-[suspenseful music playing]
-[items clattering]
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[Linda Shirer Rae] In 1938,
when my mother gave birth to my sister,
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Nazi troops were marching
through the streets.
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My mother's Jewish doctor
had to go into hiding.
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It was frightening.
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[Steve Wick] Shirer sees
this incredible madness
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unfolding right in front of him.
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[crowd shouting in distance]
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[Wick] But Shirer can't get
to the radio broadcast center in Vienna
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because it's controlled by the Germans.
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He ends up taking a plane
from Vienna to Berlin to Amsterdam,
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and finally to London.
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It's a huge moment for CBS
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because they're now doing something
that hadn't been done before.
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He goes right on the air,
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and he tells America
what the Germans are doing in Vienna,
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and it was an enormous radio coup.
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[Shirer] This morning, when I flew away
from Vienna at 9:00 a.m.,
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it looked like any German city
in the Reich.
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Red, white, and black swastika flags
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hung from the balconies
of most of the homes,
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and in the streets,
people raised their hands in Nazi salute…
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[crowd chanting in German]
One People! One Empire! One Führer!
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[in English] …and greeted each other
with, "Heil Hitler."
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[crowd chanting]
Adolf Hitler! Adolf Hitler!
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[theme music playing]
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-[typewriter keys clacking]
-[moody music playing]
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[Shirer] Hitler had a villa
on the Obersalzberg,
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a mountain ridge above the town
of Berchtesgaden in the Bavarian Alps.
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[birds chirping]
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[Shirer] It was only three hours
by car or train from Munich,
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the headquarters of the Nazi Party.
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It was even nearer the Austrian border.
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The mountain scenery,
broken by green valleys, is superb.
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This is one
of the most beautiful spots in Europe,
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and Hitler came to love it
all the rest of the days of his life.
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Hitler was in such a powerful position
after the consolidation of the Nazi regime
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that he could afford
to spend weeks, months away
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at his holiday resort on the Berghof.
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[jaunty music playing]
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[in German] ♪ On a day in Spring
Happiness knocks on your door ♪
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♪ And the world shines in a golden glow ♪
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♪ Extend your hands to happiness
Never let it leave you again ♪
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♪ Hold on to it tightly, forever… ♪
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[Anne Berg, in English] It's sort of like
Hitler's Mar-a-Lago, if you will.
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A kind of retreat in the Bavarian Alps
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that has a closeness to nature,
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the spectacular mountain panorama,
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that gave Hitler the sense
that he was on top of the world
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without having to deal
with the messiness of everyday politics.
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[in German] ♪ On a day in Spring
Happiness knocks on your door ♪
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♪ And fulfills your most beautiful dream ♪
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[song ends with flourish]
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[in English] The Berghof was one
of the most important power centers
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of Hitler's rule.
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He had a close circle of regulars.
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Eva Braun was at the center of that life.
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[contemplative music playing softly]
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[Benjamin Carter Hett] Eva Braun was
a young woman who had started working
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in the studio of Hitler's photographer,
Heinrich Hoffmann,
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and that is almost certainly
where he met her.
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She was born in 1912,
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so she was 23 years younger than Hitler.
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They had a very long relationship,
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but Hitler always made a point
of keeping her secret.
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Hitler never wanted
the German people to know
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that he had this permanent girlfriend.
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He always said he was married to Germany.
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[gentle music playing]
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[Berg] It's kind of funny that Hitler
was drawn to a woman like Eva Braun
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because on some level,
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she kind of embodies the new woman
of the Weimar period,
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um, or the American flapper,
if we want to have an analogy.
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The way that she presented herself,
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she was not a timid woman
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along the lines that Nazi propaganda
imagined women as wives and mothers.
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[film reel whirring]
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[Hett] As someone who had been
a photographer's apprentice,
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she loved photography.
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She made home movies.
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We still can see these today.
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[no audible dialog]
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[Hett] Even when he is seen relaxing,
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he is, of course, always still maintaining
a kind of persona as the Führer.
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But nonetheless,
as relaxed as Hitler seemingly got,
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these movies depict
that kind of environment.
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[Goeschel] They show Hitler
awkwardly kissing the hand of women
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at the Berghof.
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They show Hitler joking,
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and you see Hitler's dog,
a German Shepherd called Blondi.
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Blondi plays a huge part in Hitler's life.
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[Blondi panting]
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[Goeschel] Eva Braun's films
form an interesting contrast
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to the official,
choreographed visual record
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of National Socialism
and of Hitler, the dictator.
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[intriguing music playing]
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[Devin Pendas]
Hitler is fundamentally a lazy person.
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He does not like to work at something
he doesn't find interesting.
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[Hett] He would sleep in very late,
he would get up late.
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He would have a kind of leisurely lunch,
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then maybe he would receive
ministers or military commanders
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and hear some reports,
and give them some orders.
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Typically, his evenings
would be filled with a movie,
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sometimes two movies,
sometimes three movies.
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After which, he might talk
with his inner circle.
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Hitler had a very unusual
leadership style.
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He was not someone
who gave orders all the time.
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Instead, he seems to have
rather consciously developed a technique
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where his subordinate people
and subordinate agencies
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would have to compete for his favor.
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It was their task
to work towards the Führer.
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Hitler made very few policies himself
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or articulated goals or strategies,
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but rather had these amorphous ideas
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that were often quite outlandish
and quite radical.
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By presenting these sorts
of abstract concepts and ideas
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to his subordinates,
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he invited them to write policy for him,
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to come up with ideas and strategies
that would appeal to him.
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[ominous music playing]
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[Hett] Everything in the whole
governmental machine
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is desperately trying
to figure out what he wants.
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This is definitely a process
that leads to a radicalization,
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or as historians sometimes put it,
a cumulative radicalization of Germany.
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[suspenseful music playing]
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[Joseph Goebbels, in German] The age
of an exaggerated Jewish intellectualism
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has come to an end.
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The breakthrough of the German revolution
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has cleared the German path forward.
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[Pendas, in English] Once the Nazis
consolidate their control of government,
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one of the things that they wanted to do
was to purge undesirable elements
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from intellectual,
cultural, aesthetic life,
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most famously
in a series of-- of book burnings.
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[radio frequencies squealing]
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[Berg] The Nazis needed to take control
of the apparatus of culture,
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control the press and radio
in a way that would allow them
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to present themselves in the kind of image
that they would want to be seen.
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[Pendas] The next step is to Nazify
German society as a whole,
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and the key policy for this
is something they called Gleichschaltung,
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translated as "coordination."
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Basically, they say that
all of the organized elements
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of social life, of civil society,
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need to be Nazified.
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[troops marching in distance]
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[Pendas] Many people
eagerly and voluntarily participated.
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Being more Nazi than their neighbor
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allowed Germans to advance
socially and professionally,
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since the Nazi Party
controlled everything.
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And equally important,
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it gave them a sense
of belonging to a community.
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[foreboding music playing darkly]
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[Goeschel] Gleichschaltung coordination
included greeting people differently.
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Instead of saying guten Tag, "hello,"
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people would start saying "Heil Hitler"
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using the Heil Hitler salute.
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All associations,
for example chess clubs, football clubs,
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were all brought under the control
of Nazi Party organizations.
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[patriotic music playing]
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[Goeschel] They particularly wanted
to appeal to youth,
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and so the role of the Hitler Youth
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became more and more important
for the regime,
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that by the late 1930s,
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membership of the Hitler Youth
became compulsory.
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[Pendas] They did some of the things
that traditional youth groups did,
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but they were also instruments
of-- of ideological indoctrination.
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These were places where people learned
what it meant to be a real German,
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according to the Nazis.
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They learned a certain kind of vision
of a militarized masculinity
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that was central to the Nazi vision
for what Germany should be.
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[youths singing in German]
♪ German is the soldier's blood ♪
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♪ German heart and German courage ♪
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♪ As if made of steel and iron… ♪
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[Shirer, in English] On many a weekend,
tramping through the stretches of woodland
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that surrounded Berlin,
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I would run into companies
of Hitler Youth.
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It was a disheartening experience
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to watch Hitler take over
the youth of Germany,
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poison their minds,
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and prepare them for the sinister ends
he had in store for them.
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[somber music playing]
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[Shirer] I had not believed it possible
until I saw it with my own eyes.
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[Tiffany N. Florvil] Everything you do is
supposed to be for the good of the nation,
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for the sort of improvement
and betterment of the nation.
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You have these, um,
even sort of women's groups, girl groups.
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[in German] ♪ Solar rays are a pleasure
Smile for us on a jovial day… ♪
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[Florvil, in English] All for advocating
different aspects of Nazism.
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A virtuous woman is a mother
in Nazi Germany,
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so maternalism was extremely important.
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[uneasy music playing]
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[Pendas] So one of the goals
of this policy of coordination
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was the creation of what the Nazis
called a Volksgemeinschaft,
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a people's community.
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[church bells tolling]
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[Pendas] This was a kind of
comprehensive racial vision
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for what the Nazis hoped
Germany would become.
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[Goeschel] So-called "racial science"
became a subject in German schools.
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Even math quizzes
took on racist anti-Semitic dimensions.
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The school in which I was involved
at the age of six
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was one of Hitler's special schools,
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which he had set up for the training
of his future leadership elite.
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We saw publications
in which Jews were depicted
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as being fat,
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rapacious, ugly,
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with large hooked noses.
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And those pictures, I think,
stayed with me longer
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than any verbal impression
that could have been given to me.
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[ominous music playing]
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[Goeschel] Racism and eugenics,
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the idea that some people
were worth more than other peoples
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because of their skin color,
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because of their lineage,
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that idea was not exclusive to Germany.
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[Florvil] Eugenics was extremely popular
in the United States.
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It was quite pervasive across the nation.
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You had prominent people
who were invested in these ideas,
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trying to determine the superiority
and the inferiority of races.
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They also use these ideas
to codify law, to enact policies,
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for example, immigration quotas.
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So there's a set amount of individuals
who can migrate to the US.
241
00:14:37,251 --> 00:14:39,420
[Hett] Hitler thought
this was a great approach
242
00:14:39,503 --> 00:14:41,964
to building the kind of national community
in the United States
243
00:14:42,047 --> 00:14:43,340
that he wanted to see in Germany.
244
00:14:44,633 --> 00:14:48,178
The Nazis were also influenced
by Jim Crow laws
245
00:14:48,262 --> 00:14:50,222
in the Jim Crow South of the time,
246
00:14:50,306 --> 00:14:52,474
laws that enforce a racial segregation
247
00:14:52,558 --> 00:14:55,144
and racial identification and separation.
248
00:14:56,854 --> 00:14:59,148
[Pendas] African-Americans living
in the American South
249
00:14:59,231 --> 00:15:03,485
are being treated as second-class citizens
250
00:15:03,569 --> 00:15:07,489
and subjected to violence
on a regular basis.
251
00:15:09,992 --> 00:15:11,118
[bell jingles]
252
00:15:11,201 --> 00:15:14,288
[Florvil] The Nazis did look
at racial laws in the Jim Crow South
253
00:15:14,371 --> 00:15:19,293
as a model for how to implement
similar legislation in Nazi Germany.
254
00:15:22,504 --> 00:15:24,757
[ominous music continues]
255
00:15:29,678 --> 00:15:31,722
[trial official] You'll repeat yourself
after me.
256
00:15:32,222 --> 00:15:33,891
I swear by God…
257
00:15:34,683 --> 00:15:36,101
[Julius Streicher repeats in German]
258
00:15:36,185 --> 00:15:39,063
[trial official, in English]
…the almighty and omniscient…
259
00:15:39,730 --> 00:15:41,357
[Julius Streicher repeats in German]
260
00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:44,026
[trial official, in English]
…that I will speak the pure truth.
261
00:15:44,109 --> 00:15:46,111
[Julius Streicher repeats in German]
262
00:15:46,612 --> 00:15:49,198
[trial official, in English]
And will withhold and add nothing.
263
00:15:49,281 --> 00:15:51,992
[Julius Streicher repeats in German]
264
00:15:52,493 --> 00:15:54,036
[trial official, in English] Sit down.
265
00:15:57,706 --> 00:16:03,003
[Marx, in German] In 1935,
at the Party rally in Nuremberg,
266
00:16:03,754 --> 00:16:08,258
the so-called "racial laws"
were promulgated.
267
00:16:10,469 --> 00:16:14,014
Were you consulted
about the planning and preparation
268
00:16:14,098 --> 00:16:16,558
of the draft of that law?
269
00:16:17,393 --> 00:16:21,605
And did you have any part in it,
270
00:16:21,689 --> 00:16:23,941
especially in its preparation?
271
00:16:24,024 --> 00:16:29,530
[Streicher] Yes,
I believe I had a part in it,
272
00:16:30,197 --> 00:16:32,199
insofar as for years,
273
00:16:33,075 --> 00:16:34,410
I had written
274
00:16:35,285 --> 00:16:37,830
that any further mixture
275
00:16:39,748 --> 00:16:42,292
of German blood with Jewish blood
276
00:16:42,876 --> 00:16:46,338
must be avoided.
277
00:16:46,422 --> 00:16:48,507
I repeatedly wrote such articles.
278
00:16:49,925 --> 00:16:51,260
[dark music playing]
279
00:16:51,343 --> 00:16:54,430
[Shirer, in English] I never got
tough enough to stomach Julius Streicher,
280
00:16:54,513 --> 00:16:57,933
the sadistic, pornographic Jew-baiter
from Nuremberg.
281
00:16:58,642 --> 00:17:00,144
Almost to the last,
282
00:17:00,227 --> 00:17:03,605
Hitler had a warm heart
for this psychopathic pervert,
283
00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:05,607
the Nazi boss of Franconia
284
00:17:05,691 --> 00:17:10,612
and editor of the unspeakably vulgar
anti-Semitic mass-circulation weekly
285
00:17:10,696 --> 00:17:11,739
Der Stürmer.
286
00:17:13,907 --> 00:17:16,035
[Marx, in German] Were you of the opinion
287
00:17:16,618 --> 00:17:20,205
that the legislation passed in 1935
288
00:17:21,331 --> 00:17:23,625
represented the ultimate solution
289
00:17:23,709 --> 00:17:28,547
of the Jewish question by the state?
290
00:17:31,925 --> 00:17:34,303
[Streicher] With reservations, yes.
291
00:17:34,386 --> 00:17:40,434
I was convinced that
if the Party program was carried out,
292
00:17:41,435 --> 00:17:43,604
the Jewish question would be solved.
293
00:17:46,774 --> 00:17:49,735
[somber music playing]
294
00:17:51,111 --> 00:17:56,283
[Pendas, in English] In 1935,
Hitler and the Nazis attempt to codify
295
00:17:56,366 --> 00:17:59,119
the status of Jews in Germany.
296
00:17:59,203 --> 00:18:02,581
[in German] I now propose to the Reichstag
that the laws be adopted,
297
00:18:02,664 --> 00:18:06,001
which Party comrade
Reichstag President Goering will read.
298
00:18:08,295 --> 00:18:13,634
The first and second law
owe a debt of gratitude to the movement
299
00:18:13,717 --> 00:18:17,971
under whose symbol
Germany regained its freedom.
300
00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:22,059
[crowd cheering]
301
00:18:24,394 --> 00:18:26,688
[Pendas, in English]
The Nazis had already begun
302
00:18:26,772 --> 00:18:29,817
a series of both legal and ad hoc measures
303
00:18:29,900 --> 00:18:32,986
to exclude Jewish people from German life.
304
00:18:33,070 --> 00:18:38,408
This is their attempt to really create
a stable legal foundation for this.
305
00:18:39,576 --> 00:18:44,123
[in German] Citizens of the Reich are only
nationals of German or related blood
306
00:18:44,206 --> 00:18:46,625
who demonstrate through their behavior
307
00:18:46,708 --> 00:18:48,585
that they are willing and able
308
00:18:49,086 --> 00:18:54,800
to faithfully serve
the German people and the Reich.
309
00:18:55,634 --> 00:18:57,886
-[typewriter keys clacking]
-[pensive music playing]
310
00:18:57,970 --> 00:19:01,348
[Shirer, in English] The Nuremberg Laws
deprived Jews of German citizenship,
311
00:19:01,431 --> 00:19:05,060
confining them
to the inferior status of "subjects."
312
00:19:05,727 --> 00:19:08,480
They also forbade marriage
between Jews and Aryans,
313
00:19:08,564 --> 00:19:11,191
as well as extramarital relations
between them.
314
00:19:11,692 --> 00:19:14,653
Hitler, as his party hacks
never cease to proclaim,
315
00:19:14,736 --> 00:19:16,155
had become the law.
316
00:19:16,780 --> 00:19:18,866
There was no other in the Third Reich.
317
00:19:20,242 --> 00:19:23,912
[Nazi official, in German] To our Führer,
the savior and warrior…
318
00:19:23,996 --> 00:19:26,039
-Hail Victory!
-[crowd] Hail!
319
00:19:26,123 --> 00:19:28,041
-[Nazi official] Hail Victory!
-[crowd] Hail!
320
00:19:28,125 --> 00:19:30,085
-[Nazi official] Hail Victory!
-[crowd] Hail!
321
00:19:30,627 --> 00:19:34,006
[Hett, in English] Although the Nazis
saw being Jewish as a racial category,
322
00:19:34,089 --> 00:19:36,842
they had to fall back
on a religious definition,
323
00:19:36,925 --> 00:19:39,011
so what the Nazis said was,
324
00:19:39,094 --> 00:19:41,638
you would count as being fully Jewish
325
00:19:41,722 --> 00:19:44,349
if you had four or three grandparents
326
00:19:44,433 --> 00:19:48,228
who had been officially
on the rolls of a Jewish community.
327
00:19:49,521 --> 00:19:52,649
If you had one or two Jewish grandparents,
then you were deemed
328
00:19:52,733 --> 00:19:56,111
what was called in German a Mischling,
or a person of mixed race.
329
00:19:58,530 --> 00:20:01,074
In the first couple of years
of the Third Reich,
330
00:20:01,158 --> 00:20:03,535
there was a lot of bottom-up activism,
331
00:20:03,619 --> 00:20:08,207
a lot of street violence, uh,
directed at Jews by the SA,
332
00:20:08,290 --> 00:20:10,876
but also by ordinary Germans.
333
00:20:10,959 --> 00:20:13,086
And so, many German Jews
334
00:20:13,170 --> 00:20:17,674
saw the Nuremberg Laws
as stabilizing the situation
335
00:20:17,758 --> 00:20:20,302
and as providing, in a sense, clear rules.
336
00:20:21,053 --> 00:20:24,431
"We have some legal regulation
around this situation."
337
00:20:24,514 --> 00:20:26,934
"We can act accordingly,
and we can survive."
338
00:20:28,852 --> 00:20:31,230
[Christopher Browning]
Most Germans were not out to kill Jews.
339
00:20:31,313 --> 00:20:34,399
They didn't see this as the first step
to isolating a group
340
00:20:34,483 --> 00:20:36,985
as a step towards genocide.
341
00:20:37,069 --> 00:20:40,697
We now see that step of isolation
and robbing of human rights
342
00:20:40,781 --> 00:20:41,615
as very crucial,
343
00:20:41,698 --> 00:20:44,660
but that's not what most Germans asked.
344
00:20:44,743 --> 00:20:47,537
They asked, "Is life economically better?"
345
00:20:49,706 --> 00:20:52,334
[Pendas] Many, many Germans,
probably a majority,
346
00:20:52,417 --> 00:20:54,795
actively supported the regime.
347
00:20:54,878 --> 00:20:57,464
And part of the reason for that
348
00:20:57,547 --> 00:21:01,885
was the Nazis' success
at solving the Great Depression.
349
00:21:03,345 --> 00:21:07,015
You go from a situation
in which, in the early 1930s,
350
00:21:07,099 --> 00:21:10,894
millions of Germans are out of work
351
00:21:10,978 --> 00:21:13,563
to a situation in which
you've got full employment very quickly.
352
00:21:14,731 --> 00:21:17,526
And so for ordinary Germans,
this is miraculous,
353
00:21:17,609 --> 00:21:18,860
especially if they look abroad,
354
00:21:18,944 --> 00:21:21,905
and they look
at the United States or Great Britain,
355
00:21:21,989 --> 00:21:24,324
which are still struggling
with the Great Depression
356
00:21:24,408 --> 00:21:27,369
in 1935, 1936, 1937.
357
00:21:29,496 --> 00:21:33,417
[Goeschel] The Nazis take a lot of credit
where no credit is due.
358
00:21:34,126 --> 00:21:37,629
The Nazis exploit existing plans
for public work schemes,
359
00:21:37,713 --> 00:21:40,007
such as building the Autobahn,
the motorway,
360
00:21:40,632 --> 00:21:43,802
and this becomes
one of the most potent symbols
361
00:21:43,885 --> 00:21:47,723
of Nazi propaganda
about combating unemployment.
362
00:21:48,765 --> 00:21:50,309
[fire roaring]
363
00:21:50,392 --> 00:21:55,480
[Goeschel] The Nazis also
massively increased spending on armaments.
364
00:21:55,564 --> 00:21:57,941
[machinery whirring]
365
00:21:58,525 --> 00:22:01,611
[Goeschel] They introduced conscription
in 1935,
366
00:22:01,695 --> 00:22:04,990
so many of the people
on the unemployment register
367
00:22:05,073 --> 00:22:08,952
were simply taken off this register
when they were drafted into the army.
368
00:22:12,622 --> 00:22:17,169
[Berg] In addition to the sort of
basic economic stabilization,
369
00:22:18,170 --> 00:22:24,676
there was a sense
of participatory opportunities
370
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:30,932
that got Germans to feel themselves
as having an impact
371
00:22:31,016 --> 00:22:33,101
in their everyday lives.
372
00:22:33,685 --> 00:22:35,937
[radio announcer]
Where there's a will, there's a sway,
373
00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:38,398
especially if it's the will
to get fit and keep fit.
374
00:22:38,482 --> 00:22:41,485
The Strength Through Joy celebrations
are taking place at Hamburg.
375
00:22:41,568 --> 00:22:45,113
Strength Through Joy is the slogan,
so laugh and grow fit.
376
00:22:45,197 --> 00:22:47,574
-[patriotic music playing]
-[crowd cheering]
377
00:22:50,660 --> 00:22:53,163
STRENGTH THROUGH JOY
378
00:22:53,246 --> 00:22:55,624
[Pendas] This Nazi organization
called Kraft durch Freude,
379
00:22:55,707 --> 00:22:57,501
which means Strength Through Joy,
380
00:22:57,584 --> 00:23:00,670
that promoted leisure activities
for ordinary Germans.
381
00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:02,672
A lot of these were small-scale and local.
382
00:23:02,756 --> 00:23:06,385
"We're gonna go for a hike
in the meadows on Sunday" kind of thing.
383
00:23:07,386 --> 00:23:10,972
But some of them
were sort of Club Med kinds of things.
384
00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:13,683
"We're gonna take people to beaches."
385
00:23:14,267 --> 00:23:16,311
"We're gonna go on cruises
in the North Sea."
386
00:23:16,395 --> 00:23:17,229
[ship horn blows]
387
00:23:18,397 --> 00:23:23,110
[Pendas] Most people in Germany never came
anywhere near a Kraft durch Freude trip,
388
00:23:23,735 --> 00:23:26,196
but they were amazing propaganda tools.
389
00:23:26,279 --> 00:23:29,157
If you watch newsreels from the 1930s,
390
00:23:29,241 --> 00:23:31,910
the Strength Through Joy stuff
is everywhere.
391
00:23:32,577 --> 00:23:34,996
[man, in German] The biggest surprise
came in Wilhelmshaven
392
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:36,456
when the Führer appeared on board.
393
00:23:37,374 --> 00:23:39,251
[Pendas, in English]
They're sending this message
394
00:23:39,334 --> 00:23:43,213
that, "Thank God we don't live
in a democracy anymore."
395
00:23:44,548 --> 00:23:46,216
"Remember how terrible it was
396
00:23:46,299 --> 00:23:49,261
and everybody was unemployed
and there were riots in the streets?"
397
00:23:49,344 --> 00:23:52,597
"And now everybody's going on cruises
all the time, and it's amazing."
398
00:23:52,681 --> 00:23:55,934
-[cheery music playing]
-[women chattering happily]
399
00:23:56,017 --> 00:23:58,937
[Pendas] It's a very effective
propaganda message
400
00:23:59,521 --> 00:24:02,774
because it's political,
but it's not overtly political.
401
00:24:06,069 --> 00:24:07,779
[cheery music fades to silence]
402
00:24:08,488 --> 00:24:11,533
[Goeschel] By 1936,
Hitler and the Nazi Party
403
00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:13,535
have completely coordinated,
404
00:24:13,618 --> 00:24:16,538
through the process
of Gleichschaltung coordination,
405
00:24:16,621 --> 00:24:18,582
German politics, German society,
406
00:24:18,665 --> 00:24:21,793
the German economy, German culture,
German everyday life,
407
00:24:22,878 --> 00:24:26,131
that it's now time
to focus on the international stage.
408
00:24:27,507 --> 00:24:28,550
[horse neighs]
409
00:24:28,633 --> 00:24:29,801
[Hett] And at this point,
410
00:24:29,885 --> 00:24:34,222
Hitler started taking steps
towards an aggressive foreign policy.
411
00:24:34,306 --> 00:24:37,559
These steps always seemed
to happen in March,
412
00:24:37,642 --> 00:24:40,479
and so people started speaking
about Hitler's "March Surprises."
413
00:24:40,562 --> 00:24:44,274
In March 1936, we get what we call
the militarization of the Rhineland.
414
00:24:46,109 --> 00:24:49,404
[Pendas] The Rhineland is
the western part of Germany
415
00:24:49,488 --> 00:24:52,032
along the Rhine River that borders France.
416
00:24:52,741 --> 00:24:56,495
As part of the peace settlement
at the end of the first World War,
417
00:24:56,578 --> 00:25:00,040
one of the provisions was
that Germany was not allowed
418
00:25:00,123 --> 00:25:03,877
to station military personnel
in this part of Germany.
419
00:25:04,544 --> 00:25:08,757
It was an attempt by the French
to avoid being invaded by Germany again.
420
00:25:09,883 --> 00:25:13,970
But the French were very deliberate
about using French colonial soldiers,
421
00:25:15,472 --> 00:25:19,267
both from Africa
and then also using Asian soldiers
422
00:25:19,351 --> 00:25:22,646
from Indochina to occupy the Germans.
423
00:25:23,647 --> 00:25:26,608
It was certainly a purposeful affront
to say, "Look."
424
00:25:26,691 --> 00:25:30,904
"Now, you're occupied
by alleged inferior people,
425
00:25:30,987 --> 00:25:34,574
who are then inflicting even more
humiliation and disgrace on you."
426
00:25:34,658 --> 00:25:36,701
[dark music playing]
427
00:25:36,785 --> 00:25:39,496
[Hett] So in sending troops
into the Rhineland,
428
00:25:39,579 --> 00:25:42,874
Hitler was ostentatiously breaching
the Treaty of Versailles
429
00:25:42,958 --> 00:25:46,211
and doing something which was
at least implicitly threatening
430
00:25:46,294 --> 00:25:47,754
to French military security.
431
00:25:49,297 --> 00:25:53,969
And he takes this step very publicly
by giving a speech before the Reichstag
432
00:25:54,052 --> 00:25:58,598
just at the moment the troops are crossing
the Rhine bridges into the Rhineland.
433
00:25:58,682 --> 00:26:00,392
So it's a very dramatic moment
434
00:26:00,475 --> 00:26:04,187
which Hitler makes a very important
propaganda display out of.
435
00:26:04,271 --> 00:26:06,856
[dark music intensifies]
436
00:26:06,940 --> 00:26:11,027
[Wick] Shirer and all the correspondents
had been summoned to the Reichstag,
437
00:26:11,111 --> 00:26:14,447
all his government officials,
all his devoted followers.
438
00:26:14,531 --> 00:26:15,365
[applauding]
439
00:26:15,448 --> 00:26:18,827
There's some military people there
that Shirer is keeping a close eye on
440
00:26:18,910 --> 00:26:20,078
to see how they react.
441
00:26:20,161 --> 00:26:22,163
[Hitler shouting indistinctly]
442
00:26:22,914 --> 00:26:25,292
[Shirer] Hitler says
in a deep, resonant voice,
443
00:26:25,375 --> 00:26:27,294
"Men of the German Reichstag,
444
00:26:28,253 --> 00:26:29,879
in this historic hour,
445
00:26:29,963 --> 00:26:33,758
when in the Reich's western provinces,
German troops are at this minute marching
446
00:26:33,842 --> 00:26:36,094
into their future peacetime garrisons,
447
00:26:37,012 --> 00:26:39,347
we all unite in two sacred vows…"
448
00:26:40,223 --> 00:26:41,641
[crowd applauding]
449
00:26:41,725 --> 00:26:43,226
[Shirer] He can go no further.
450
00:26:43,768 --> 00:26:47,480
Now the 600 deputies,
all personal appointees of Hitler,
451
00:26:47,564 --> 00:26:50,275
leap to their feet like automatons,
452
00:26:51,401 --> 00:26:54,279
their right arms outstretched
in a Nazi salute,
453
00:26:56,072 --> 00:26:57,699
and scream "Heils."
454
00:26:58,241 --> 00:26:59,075
[crowd] Heil!
455
00:26:59,159 --> 00:27:01,369
[Shirer] The first two or three, wildly.
456
00:27:02,329 --> 00:27:04,414
The next 25, in unison.
457
00:27:04,497 --> 00:27:08,251
[crowd shouting] Heil! Heil! Heil!
458
00:27:09,502 --> 00:27:10,587
[news program music playing]
459
00:27:10,670 --> 00:27:12,672
[radio announcer]
Germany startled the postwar world
460
00:27:12,756 --> 00:27:15,467
with sudden reoccupation
of the demilitarized Rhine area.
461
00:27:15,550 --> 00:27:18,178
-[crowd cheering]
-[pensive music playing]
462
00:27:18,261 --> 00:27:21,056
[Goeschel] There's a lot
of jubilation, celebration,
463
00:27:21,139 --> 00:27:24,267
and enthusiasm among Germans
464
00:27:24,351 --> 00:27:27,520
for the Nazi remilitarization
of the Rhineland.
465
00:27:29,105 --> 00:27:32,734
[Hett] For the Germans, this is a case
of "Making Germany great again,"
466
00:27:32,817 --> 00:27:36,571
recovering from the humiliations
that had followed defeat in World War I.
467
00:27:37,197 --> 00:27:39,616
[radio announcer] France and England
accept the situation,
468
00:27:39,699 --> 00:27:42,744
and the new policy
of appeasing the man with the guns
469
00:27:42,827 --> 00:27:44,788
sets a new international tune.
470
00:27:45,288 --> 00:27:47,165
[Pendas] The British in particular,
471
00:27:47,248 --> 00:27:49,959
they actually
kind of agree with the Germans
472
00:27:50,043 --> 00:27:54,255
that some elements of the peace treaty
after World War I were unfair.
473
00:27:55,882 --> 00:27:57,717
[Hett] Hitler sees the gamble pay off,
474
00:27:57,801 --> 00:28:00,428
and this only strengthens his own ego,
his own confidence,
475
00:28:00,512 --> 00:28:03,056
and his sense that he can continue
to take these gambles.
476
00:28:03,139 --> 00:28:06,935
The fact that the Western allies
do not, in fact, respond at all
477
00:28:07,018 --> 00:28:09,521
also starts to tell him
something about them,
478
00:28:09,604 --> 00:28:12,607
that he feels
the Western democracies are weak,
479
00:28:12,691 --> 00:28:15,777
and he can continue to push at them
because they won't respond.
480
00:28:18,571 --> 00:28:21,366
But what Hitler really wants
to show the world
481
00:28:21,449 --> 00:28:23,493
is how happy Germans are,
482
00:28:23,576 --> 00:28:29,374
what a, you know, peaceful,
prosperous, thriving place Germany is.
483
00:28:29,457 --> 00:28:31,000
[upbeat orchestral music playing]
484
00:28:31,084 --> 00:28:33,294
[radio announcer] For three years,
the Nazis have prepared
485
00:28:33,378 --> 00:28:35,922
the German body
and the German mind for this.
486
00:28:37,215 --> 00:28:39,342
For the first time,
the Olympic Games are given
487
00:28:39,426 --> 00:28:42,512
a heavy political
and propagandistic overtone.
488
00:28:42,595 --> 00:28:44,889
[Berg] Hitler didn't give
a rat's ass about sports.
489
00:28:44,973 --> 00:28:47,434
He was actually not interested
in international sports,
490
00:28:47,517 --> 00:28:49,269
he wasn't interested in German sports.
491
00:28:50,270 --> 00:28:52,939
The Olympics, however,
offered him an opportunity
492
00:28:53,022 --> 00:28:57,068
to present German greatness to the world.
493
00:28:57,819 --> 00:29:00,405
To present Germany in his image.
494
00:29:01,573 --> 00:29:06,202
To bring in the international community
and refute all these arguments
495
00:29:06,286 --> 00:29:11,207
about violence and oppression
and censorship,
496
00:29:11,291 --> 00:29:16,254
and show just what he had achieved
in those few short years.
497
00:29:17,714 --> 00:29:22,093
So when the international community
arrives in Berlin,
498
00:29:22,177 --> 00:29:25,638
they are being confronted
with this lavish display.
499
00:29:26,389 --> 00:29:30,059
The Nazis actually remove
anti-Semitic slogans.
500
00:29:30,143 --> 00:29:33,938
The press is not publishing
their usual anti-Semitic rants
501
00:29:34,022 --> 00:29:36,733
in a way that is really
not at all in keeping
502
00:29:36,816 --> 00:29:39,152
with the sort of thrust
of the Third Reich.
503
00:29:39,235 --> 00:29:42,739
-[upbeat orchestral music continues]
-[crowd cheering]
504
00:29:43,490 --> 00:29:46,993
[Hitler, in German] I hereby announce
the beginning of the Berlin Games
505
00:29:47,660 --> 00:29:53,541
in celebration
of the 11th Olympiad of the new era.
506
00:29:53,625 --> 00:29:55,627
[crowd cheering]
507
00:30:03,343 --> 00:30:05,345
[Pendas, in English]
One of the propaganda messages
508
00:30:05,428 --> 00:30:07,514
that the Germans are hoping to send
509
00:30:07,597 --> 00:30:09,307
with the Berlin Olympics
510
00:30:09,390 --> 00:30:13,895
is the superiority
of racially pure Aryan Germans
511
00:30:13,978 --> 00:30:15,814
in athletic prowess.
512
00:30:17,315 --> 00:30:19,067
And German athletes do well.
513
00:30:21,653 --> 00:30:24,030
But the problem for the Nazis
514
00:30:24,113 --> 00:30:29,661
is that the real star of the Olympics
who emerges in international media
515
00:30:29,744 --> 00:30:32,956
is the African-American track athlete
Jesse Owens.
516
00:30:33,623 --> 00:30:34,457
[pistol fires]
517
00:30:34,541 --> 00:30:36,709
-[engaging music playing]
-[crowd cheering]
518
00:30:37,335 --> 00:30:39,254
[Pendas] He wins several gold medals.
519
00:30:39,337 --> 00:30:42,215
He humiliates several German stars.
520
00:30:44,425 --> 00:30:45,677
And above all,
521
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:49,389
he attracts the lion's share
of the international media attention.
522
00:30:49,472 --> 00:30:52,475
[dramatic music playing]
523
00:30:52,559 --> 00:30:54,561
[crowd cheering]
524
00:30:54,644 --> 00:30:56,604
[Pendas] He's the one
who's in the newsreels.
525
00:30:56,688 --> 00:31:00,233
He's the one who's on the front page
of international newspapers.
526
00:31:00,942 --> 00:31:03,987
He's the one
who comes out of that Olympics
527
00:31:04,070 --> 00:31:06,948
as the one name that everyone remembers.
528
00:31:07,532 --> 00:31:10,577
For the Nazis,
they perceive this as a humiliation.
529
00:31:17,375 --> 00:31:21,337
[Jesse Owens] I'm very glad to have won
my three events in the games at Berlin.
530
00:31:21,421 --> 00:31:24,966
Wonderful competition here,
wonderful stadium, and a wonderful crowd,
531
00:31:25,049 --> 00:31:26,759
and the days have been very nice.
532
00:31:26,843 --> 00:31:29,512
And the people here in Germany
have been very nice to me,
533
00:31:29,596 --> 00:31:32,557
and I'm very glad
to display my talent here. Thank you.
534
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:34,642
[intriguing music playing]
535
00:31:36,102 --> 00:31:41,107
[Goeschel] Ultimately, the 1936 Olympics
gave a major boost
536
00:31:41,190 --> 00:31:44,944
to the international reputation
of the Third Reich.
537
00:31:46,446 --> 00:31:49,073
Many visitors go back
to their home countries,
538
00:31:49,157 --> 00:31:54,245
and they believe an image of Germans
living in harmony with the Nazi regime.
539
00:31:55,371 --> 00:31:57,749
[Ken Cuthbertson] William Shirer
was reporting at the Olympics
540
00:31:57,832 --> 00:32:00,960
with Universal News Service,
the Hearst Agency, in Berlin.
541
00:32:01,753 --> 00:32:04,589
And well-known Americans
and other foreigners
542
00:32:04,672 --> 00:32:06,549
came to Berlin for the Olympics,
543
00:32:06,633 --> 00:32:09,427
influential people like Charles Lindbergh,
544
00:32:09,510 --> 00:32:11,471
and they looked around and said,
545
00:32:11,554 --> 00:32:14,807
"The Germans can't be that bad,
and Hitler's not a bad guy."
546
00:32:15,767 --> 00:32:19,312
William Shirer considers
these people dupes.
547
00:32:19,395 --> 00:32:22,982
They've got a completely false impression
of what's going on in Germany,
548
00:32:23,066 --> 00:32:26,069
and they haven't really seen the tiger.
549
00:32:27,153 --> 00:32:31,824
He started writing about how the Nazis
had dialed back their anti-Semitism.
550
00:32:31,908 --> 00:32:35,203
The Germans see this,
and immediately, the Propaganda Ministry
551
00:32:35,286 --> 00:32:37,664
and the various
other high-ranking officials
552
00:32:37,747 --> 00:32:40,083
go berserk, and they say,
"What the heck's this guy doing?"
553
00:32:40,917 --> 00:32:42,293
[phone ringing]
554
00:32:42,835 --> 00:32:44,712
[Cuthbertson]
So they're all over him about this,
555
00:32:44,796 --> 00:32:46,714
uh, accusing him of writing fake news.
556
00:32:46,798 --> 00:32:48,800
[intriguing music continues]
557
00:32:51,970 --> 00:32:53,888
[Shirer] Tess turned on the radio
for the news
558
00:32:53,972 --> 00:32:57,475
just in time for us to hear
a ringing personal attack on me…
559
00:32:58,351 --> 00:33:00,937
-[radio switches on]
-[indistinct speaking on radio]
560
00:33:01,729 --> 00:33:04,190
[Shirer] …implying that I was a dirty Jew
561
00:33:04,273 --> 00:33:06,484
and was trying
to torpedo the Olympic Games
562
00:33:06,567 --> 00:33:10,071
with false stories about the Jews
and Nazi officials there.
563
00:33:12,782 --> 00:33:14,909
The front pages of the afternoon papers
564
00:33:14,993 --> 00:33:18,913
were full of typically hysterical
Nazi denunciations of me.
565
00:33:24,752 --> 00:33:26,713
I went over to the Propaganda Ministry
566
00:33:26,796 --> 00:33:29,966
and burst into the office
of the staffer in charge of foreign press,
567
00:33:30,049 --> 00:33:33,511
demanded an apology and a correction
in the German press and radio.
568
00:33:35,513 --> 00:33:36,347
[fist slams]
569
00:33:36,431 --> 00:33:38,182
[Shirer] He started to roar at me.
570
00:33:38,266 --> 00:33:40,852
I roared back and dared him to expel me.
571
00:33:44,689 --> 00:33:47,608
But I began to realize
what I should have known.
572
00:33:48,317 --> 00:33:49,986
That I was getting nowhere.
573
00:33:50,069 --> 00:33:52,113
That no one, and he least of all,
574
00:33:52,196 --> 00:33:53,865
had the power or the decency
575
00:33:53,948 --> 00:33:57,910
ever to correct a piece of Nazi propaganda
once it had been launched,
576
00:33:57,994 --> 00:33:59,829
regardless of how big the lie.
577
00:33:59,912 --> 00:34:01,914
[typewriter keys clacking]
578
00:34:01,998 --> 00:34:03,833
[Hett] One of the ironies of the Olympics
579
00:34:03,916 --> 00:34:06,544
and the propaganda piece
that accompanied the Olympics,
580
00:34:06,627 --> 00:34:08,629
is that just as the Olympics
are in progress,
581
00:34:09,213 --> 00:34:13,676
Heinrich Himmler, who has recently become
the chief of all German police forces,
582
00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:16,345
has ordered the construction
of a new concentration camp
583
00:34:16,429 --> 00:34:19,640
just north of Berlin, uh,
called Sachsenhausen.
584
00:34:19,724 --> 00:34:21,726
[tools clanking]
585
00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:25,480
[somber music playing]
586
00:34:29,442 --> 00:34:35,198
[Berg] Heinrich Himmler is one of,
if not the most, important architect
587
00:34:35,281 --> 00:34:37,283
of Nazi racial policy.
588
00:34:38,743 --> 00:34:41,537
He is in charge of the SS.
589
00:34:42,121 --> 00:34:45,041
He was not bound by any laws,
any other ties.
590
00:34:45,124 --> 00:34:48,336
He answered directly to Hitler,
which basically meant
591
00:34:48,419 --> 00:34:50,922
that the SS functioned
as a state within a state.
592
00:34:52,173 --> 00:34:54,217
In 1936,
593
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:57,970
Himmler is working on establishing
594
00:34:58,054 --> 00:35:01,474
what we call the second generation
of concentration camps,
595
00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:05,895
that are designed to extract labor
from the interned population,
596
00:35:05,978 --> 00:35:07,688
not to merely contain them.
597
00:35:14,028 --> 00:35:15,905
CONCENTRATION CAMP
598
00:35:15,988 --> 00:35:18,449
[Remy] It's not yet
the Nazi Party's intention
599
00:35:18,533 --> 00:35:22,995
to imprison large numbers of German Jews.
600
00:35:23,079 --> 00:35:27,583
Instead, the emphasis is on "asocials,"
601
00:35:28,668 --> 00:35:30,586
people who are not conforming,
602
00:35:30,670 --> 00:35:35,091
people who don't fit
into the envisioned Volksgemeinschaft,
603
00:35:35,174 --> 00:35:37,468
the envisioned people's community.
604
00:35:38,761 --> 00:35:41,264
Those who appeared capable of working,
605
00:35:41,347 --> 00:35:43,307
but were not working regularly,
606
00:35:43,891 --> 00:35:45,143
alcoholics,
607
00:35:45,685 --> 00:35:47,895
petty criminals,
608
00:35:47,979 --> 00:35:49,564
repeat criminal offenders.
609
00:35:50,106 --> 00:35:52,692
It would come to include gay men
610
00:35:53,526 --> 00:35:55,736
as a particular target of the regime.
611
00:35:57,780 --> 00:36:00,324
[Goeschel] The Sachsenhausen
concentration camp
612
00:36:00,408 --> 00:36:05,288
reflects the radicalization
of Nazi domestic policy.
613
00:36:05,371 --> 00:36:09,750
It reflects the dramatic escalation
of Nazi racial policy.
614
00:36:10,751 --> 00:36:11,794
WORK SETS YOU FREE
615
00:36:11,878 --> 00:36:13,838
[Goeschel] It is built in 1936.
616
00:36:14,380 --> 00:36:16,507
1936 is also the year
617
00:36:16,591 --> 00:36:20,261
where the Nazi regime makes distinct steps
618
00:36:20,344 --> 00:36:23,764
to prepare German society for war.
619
00:36:30,396 --> 00:36:34,442
[trial official] Now, the Four-Year Plan
had as its purpose
620
00:36:35,109 --> 00:36:39,655
to put the entire economy in a state
of readiness for war, did it not?
621
00:36:41,866 --> 00:36:45,453
[Goering, in German] I have explained
that it had two tasks to fulfill.
622
00:36:45,536 --> 00:36:51,876
Firstly, to safeguard
the German economy against crises.
623
00:36:51,959 --> 00:36:55,504
That is to say, to make it immune
from export fluctuations,
624
00:36:56,839 --> 00:37:00,843
and as regards to food,
from harvest fluctuations,
625
00:37:00,927 --> 00:37:03,596
as much as possible.
626
00:37:04,847 --> 00:37:08,351
And secondly, to make it capable
of withstanding a blockade.
627
00:37:08,935 --> 00:37:13,147
Which means, in the light
of experiences in World War I,
628
00:37:13,231 --> 00:37:19,570
to position it in such a way
that in a second world war,
629
00:37:20,154 --> 00:37:24,492
a blockade would not have
such disastrous consequences.
630
00:37:26,577 --> 00:37:29,330
[trial official, in English] To get
a specific answer if possible,
631
00:37:30,289 --> 00:37:33,834
uh, didn't you say
that you saw it to be your task,
632
00:37:33,918 --> 00:37:35,461
within four years,
633
00:37:36,045 --> 00:37:39,423
to put the entire economy
in a state of readiness for war?
634
00:37:40,216 --> 00:37:42,176
[crowd murmuring]
635
00:37:42,260 --> 00:37:44,178
[trial official] Did you say that,
or didn't you?
636
00:37:46,681 --> 00:37:48,683
[in German] Of course, I said that.
637
00:37:51,435 --> 00:37:53,271
[plaintive music playing]
638
00:37:53,354 --> 00:37:55,690
[Goeschel, in English]
Hitler writes a secret memorandum
639
00:37:55,773 --> 00:37:58,776
which comes to be known
as the Four-Year Plan,
640
00:37:59,277 --> 00:38:03,823
and he appoints Goering
as the chief of a new authority
641
00:38:03,906 --> 00:38:06,325
called the Office of the Four-Year Plan.
642
00:38:06,409 --> 00:38:08,202
The direction of travel is clear.
643
00:38:08,286 --> 00:38:11,539
Germany has to be ready for war
within the next four years.
644
00:38:12,581 --> 00:38:15,501
[Hett] Hermann Goering in the 1930s
was typically thought of
645
00:38:15,584 --> 00:38:17,795
as being the second man in Nazi Germany.
646
00:38:17,878 --> 00:38:19,797
He's really Hitler's right-hand man.
647
00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:23,634
He becomes the Mr. Fix-It, who gets sent
to do all kinds of different jobs.
648
00:38:24,385 --> 00:38:27,221
This is in keeping
with the whole overarching concept
649
00:38:27,305 --> 00:38:28,848
of working towards the Führer,
650
00:38:28,931 --> 00:38:31,851
of creating diverse entities
that will compete with each other
651
00:38:31,934 --> 00:38:34,937
in order to arrive
at a policy outcome that Hitler wants.
652
00:38:36,272 --> 00:38:39,734
[Goeschel] Hitler wasn't interested at all
in bureaucratic procedure.
653
00:38:39,817 --> 00:38:45,531
He thought that, as a true leader,
his task was to focus on big problems.
654
00:38:45,614 --> 00:38:48,451
Hitler is incapable of friendship.
655
00:38:48,534 --> 00:38:51,078
All Hitler cares about is politics.
656
00:38:51,162 --> 00:38:52,997
Hitler has no private life.
657
00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:58,169
One of the few people
who are almost friends with Hitler
658
00:38:58,252 --> 00:38:59,628
is Albert Speer.
659
00:39:03,215 --> 00:39:06,302
[Hett] Hitler had dreamed of being
an architect when he was a young man.
660
00:39:06,385 --> 00:39:09,722
Here then was this young architect
whom Hitler saw as being very talented.
661
00:39:09,805 --> 00:39:11,766
[plaintive music continues]
662
00:39:11,849 --> 00:39:13,893
[Hett] Speer was also good-looking.
663
00:39:15,186 --> 00:39:18,147
He came from a well-off family.
He was well-spoken.
664
00:39:19,899 --> 00:39:23,527
For his part, Speer clearly idolized
and hero-worshiped Hitler.
665
00:39:23,611 --> 00:39:27,448
And so their relationship had
this worshiping part on Speer's side
666
00:39:27,531 --> 00:39:31,577
and paternal mentoring relationship
on Hitler's side.
667
00:39:33,162 --> 00:39:37,124
Hitler had the idea that he was creating
what would be a Thousand-Year Reich,
668
00:39:37,208 --> 00:39:40,669
and Berlin would be
a kind of world imperial capital.
669
00:39:40,753 --> 00:39:43,172
[upbeat orchestral music playing]
670
00:39:43,255 --> 00:39:46,092
[Richard J. Evans]
Berlin was going to be Germania,
671
00:39:46,175 --> 00:39:51,430
was gonna have a huge set of boulevards
going into the center of town,
672
00:39:51,514 --> 00:39:53,516
a massive new airport.
673
00:39:53,599 --> 00:39:55,601
It was going to have an Arc de Triomphe,
674
00:39:55,684 --> 00:39:57,395
much bigger than
the French one, of course,
675
00:39:57,478 --> 00:40:00,606
a great hall of the people with a dome
bigger than St. Peter's in Rome.
676
00:40:01,190 --> 00:40:03,984
Everything was great, huge, monumental.
677
00:40:05,111 --> 00:40:08,697
When Albert Speer's father visited him
and met Hitler
678
00:40:08,781 --> 00:40:10,574
and saw these models,
679
00:40:10,658 --> 00:40:13,744
he simply tapped his forehead
and said, "You're all mad."
680
00:40:13,828 --> 00:40:15,287
"You've gone completely mad."
681
00:40:15,371 --> 00:40:16,747
[pensive music playing]
682
00:40:16,831 --> 00:40:20,626
[Pendas] Hitler is convinced
that he is a man of destiny.
683
00:40:20,709 --> 00:40:24,713
He is convinced that he and he alone
can lead Germany
684
00:40:24,797 --> 00:40:27,800
into the greatness
for which it is destined,
685
00:40:27,883 --> 00:40:32,263
and he feels like he needs
to secure victory for Germany
686
00:40:32,346 --> 00:40:35,015
while he's still young enough
and robust enough
687
00:40:35,099 --> 00:40:38,519
to provide the kind of leadership
that he thinks only he can provide.
688
00:40:39,687 --> 00:40:42,982
[Goeschel] Hitler doesn't know
when exactly he will go to war,
689
00:40:43,065 --> 00:40:46,026
but Hitler knows that he needs an ally,
690
00:40:46,110 --> 00:40:50,739
and the most suitable ally for him
is Mussolini's Italy.
691
00:40:52,491 --> 00:40:55,995
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler
share a similar ideology,
692
00:40:56,078 --> 00:40:58,164
and that ideology is fascism.
693
00:40:58,247 --> 00:41:02,209
You cultivate politics not through debate,
694
00:41:02,293 --> 00:41:04,044
but through violence.
695
00:41:04,128 --> 00:41:06,213
You believe in a world order
696
00:41:06,297 --> 00:41:09,842
where the strongest will prevail
over weaker states,
697
00:41:09,925 --> 00:41:11,302
over weaker institutions.
698
00:41:11,385 --> 00:41:13,345
ITALIAN POST
699
00:41:13,429 --> 00:41:16,682
[Hett] Mussolini, of course,
had come to power in Italy in 1922,
700
00:41:16,765 --> 00:41:17,850
long before Hitler.
701
00:41:17,933 --> 00:41:21,312
So he viewed himself in a sense
as the senior dictator,
702
00:41:21,395 --> 00:41:23,898
and Hitler seemed to accept that.
703
00:41:24,565 --> 00:41:26,942
But one of the issues
between them is Austria.
704
00:41:27,026 --> 00:41:30,905
Mussolini had posed
as a defender of Austrian independence,
705
00:41:30,988 --> 00:41:34,366
but Hitler had always been
a pan-German nationalist
706
00:41:34,450 --> 00:41:36,202
right from his young days in Austria.
707
00:41:36,285 --> 00:41:40,956
So the idea of incorporating
German Austria into Germany
708
00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:43,959
was something that
he had thought about for a long time.
709
00:41:44,793 --> 00:41:50,758
Hitler is eyeing Austria hungrily
in his preparations for war.
710
00:41:51,383 --> 00:41:53,093
Austria has iron deposits,
711
00:41:53,177 --> 00:41:56,305
it has other resources
that Hitler thinks would be beneficial.
712
00:41:57,264 --> 00:42:02,436
So in 1937,
Benito Mussolini makes a state visit
713
00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:04,772
to Berlin to see Hitler.
714
00:42:05,731 --> 00:42:07,942
And Hitler is courting Mussolini.
715
00:42:08,025 --> 00:42:13,405
He wants to impress upon Mussolini
that Germany is a viable partner.
716
00:42:14,490 --> 00:42:17,201
[Hett] The Nazis pull out all the stops
when Mussolini visits.
717
00:42:17,284 --> 00:42:21,497
They go to enormous lengths
to create huge events.
718
00:42:22,498 --> 00:42:25,084
[Goeschel] They take Mussolini
around Germany.
719
00:42:25,167 --> 00:42:28,754
They show off the strength
of the new German Army, the Wehrmacht.
720
00:42:31,048 --> 00:42:31,924
[plane engines roar]
721
00:42:32,508 --> 00:42:35,719
[Hett] There's no doubt that this meeting
is a moment at which the alliance
722
00:42:35,803 --> 00:42:38,639
between these two men
and their regimes is cemented.
723
00:42:39,974 --> 00:42:42,726
In the end, Mussolini and Hitler agree
724
00:42:42,810 --> 00:42:46,021
that Italy would give up any claim
to be the defender of Austria.
725
00:42:49,024 --> 00:42:51,986
[Pendas] So by February of 1938,
726
00:42:52,069 --> 00:42:54,321
Hitler's putting enormous pressure
on Austria
727
00:42:54,405 --> 00:42:56,657
for closer economic cooperation.
728
00:42:56,740 --> 00:42:59,285
He wants military cooperation.
729
00:42:59,368 --> 00:43:01,787
Austria, at this point,
is already being ruled
730
00:43:01,870 --> 00:43:04,665
by their own domestic fascists,
731
00:43:04,748 --> 00:43:07,668
who are sympathetic ideologically
to Hitler,
732
00:43:07,751 --> 00:43:10,212
but who want to preserve
Austrian sovereignty.
733
00:43:10,296 --> 00:43:12,881
[somber music playing]
734
00:43:15,259 --> 00:43:20,514
[Pendas] And so the Austrian Chancellor,
Kurt Schuschnigg, goes to visit Hitler
735
00:43:20,598 --> 00:43:22,808
in Bavaria at his retreat
736
00:43:22,891 --> 00:43:26,353
to try and soothe over
relations between them.
737
00:43:28,272 --> 00:43:34,778
[Remy] Hitler greets Schuschnigg politely
when he arrives at the Berghof,
738
00:43:35,613 --> 00:43:37,615
but then over the next several hours,
739
00:43:37,698 --> 00:43:41,452
Hitler is trying to browbeat
and intimidate Schuschnigg
740
00:43:41,535 --> 00:43:47,374
into agreeing to what, for Schuschnigg,
are impossible demands.
741
00:43:48,042 --> 00:43:52,129
Putting pro-Nazi Austrians
in important positions
742
00:43:52,212 --> 00:43:55,758
in the Austrian government
in order to arrange economic union
743
00:43:55,841 --> 00:43:57,551
between the two countries,
744
00:43:58,177 --> 00:44:03,265
and also to take increasing control
over Austrian police and the military.
745
00:44:04,683 --> 00:44:07,728
And this is something
that Kurt von Schuschnigg
746
00:44:07,811 --> 00:44:11,982
does not want to see happen
because he understands it will be the end,
747
00:44:12,066 --> 00:44:15,152
in effect, of Austria
as an independent state.
748
00:44:17,696 --> 00:44:19,198
[Pendas] Hitler corners him,
749
00:44:19,281 --> 00:44:24,036
dresses him down like
he's some kind of juvenile delinquent.
750
00:44:25,496 --> 00:44:29,083
Berates him, yells at him,
751
00:44:29,166 --> 00:44:34,046
and essentially bullies Schuschnigg
into a new agreement
752
00:44:34,129 --> 00:44:37,299
that gives the Germans
everything that they wanted.
753
00:44:38,926 --> 00:44:41,428
[unsettling music builds]
754
00:44:43,305 --> 00:44:46,934
So after enduring this browbeating
by Hitler at the Berghof,
755
00:44:47,434 --> 00:44:49,645
Schuschnigg returns to Vienna
756
00:44:49,728 --> 00:44:53,774
and decides to hold a plebiscite
757
00:44:53,857 --> 00:44:57,069
on a unification with Nazi Germany.
758
00:44:57,695 --> 00:45:01,615
[Pendas] He thinks that if he can secure
an overwhelming majority of Austrians
759
00:45:01,699 --> 00:45:05,202
voting to say that they're willing
to cooperate with Germany,
760
00:45:05,285 --> 00:45:08,122
but they want to remain
an independent sovereign state,
761
00:45:08,205 --> 00:45:10,249
it will give him international support
762
00:45:10,332 --> 00:45:14,878
to resist some of the more
assertive German, uh, demands.
763
00:45:14,962 --> 00:45:16,422
[suspenseful music playing]
764
00:45:16,505 --> 00:45:21,135
[Remy] Hitler's fear, of course, is that
the vote is not going to go his way
765
00:45:21,218 --> 00:45:25,305
and that most voters will reject
closer union with Nazi Germany,
766
00:45:25,389 --> 00:45:29,017
and it's at this point
that he begins mobilizing
767
00:45:29,101 --> 00:45:30,686
for an invasion of the country.
768
00:45:40,279 --> 00:45:43,073
[G.D. Roberts] Hitler, uh, when he heard
769
00:45:43,157 --> 00:45:46,869
that Schuschnigg was going
to obtain the opinion
770
00:45:46,952 --> 00:45:49,371
of the people by plebiscite,
771
00:45:50,372 --> 00:45:53,250
he decided to invade at once, did he not?
772
00:45:56,378 --> 00:46:01,925
[in German] Yes, I was told,
when he heard that there was to be a…
773
00:46:02,468 --> 00:46:04,678
grotesque violation of public opinion
774
00:46:04,762 --> 00:46:07,514
through the trick of a plebiscite,
775
00:46:07,598 --> 00:46:10,726
he said that he would certainly
not tolerate this
776
00:46:10,809 --> 00:46:13,562
under any circumstances.
This is what I was told.
777
00:46:15,522 --> 00:46:19,276
[Roberts, in English] He wouldn't tolerate
public opinion being ascertained.
778
00:46:20,110 --> 00:46:22,863
[in German] No, he would not tolerate
public opinion being abused
779
00:46:22,946 --> 00:46:23,864
through this trick.
780
00:46:23,947 --> 00:46:25,282
That is how it was told to me.
781
00:46:25,908 --> 00:46:28,035
[in English] So the armed forces
of Germany
782
00:46:28,577 --> 00:46:30,579
then marched into Austria?
783
00:46:31,872 --> 00:46:32,706
That's right?
784
00:46:33,791 --> 00:46:36,168
[Jodl, in German] That is right.
The Wehrmacht marched in.
785
00:46:36,251 --> 00:46:38,837
[Roberts, in English]
And Austria, from that day,
786
00:46:38,921 --> 00:46:41,590
received all the benefits
of National Socialism?
787
00:46:42,341 --> 00:46:43,217
Is that right?
788
00:46:44,802 --> 00:46:46,345
[in German] That's a political question.
789
00:46:46,428 --> 00:46:49,890
At any rate, it could perhaps
have become the happiest country on earth.
790
00:46:49,973 --> 00:46:51,642
[crowd murmuring]
791
00:46:53,268 --> 00:46:55,062
[Goeschel, in English]
The Anschluss of Austria
792
00:46:55,145 --> 00:46:57,105
is not really an invasion.
793
00:46:57,189 --> 00:46:59,316
Normally, when there is an invasion
794
00:46:59,399 --> 00:47:02,236
of a foreign power into another country,
795
00:47:02,319 --> 00:47:04,363
there is military resistance.
796
00:47:04,446 --> 00:47:06,323
[Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries" playing]
797
00:47:08,367 --> 00:47:12,496
[Goeschel] In Austria, there is
no military resistance whatsoever.
798
00:47:13,121 --> 00:47:17,835
Instead, German soldiers
are greeted by enthusiastic crowds.
799
00:47:17,918 --> 00:47:20,796
-[crowd cheering]
-["Ride of the Valkyries" continues]
800
00:47:20,879 --> 00:47:22,840
[Pendas] To the surprise
of a lot of people,
801
00:47:22,923 --> 00:47:25,509
certainly to the surprise
of the Austrian government,
802
00:47:25,592 --> 00:47:28,220
the German troops are greeted as heroes.
803
00:47:29,513 --> 00:47:33,600
[Hett] We should remember that
the population of post-World War I Austria
804
00:47:33,684 --> 00:47:36,228
was overwhelmingly German
in its composition,
805
00:47:36,311 --> 00:47:40,315
and most of those people had favored
some kind of union with Germany.
806
00:47:43,068 --> 00:47:44,862
[Goeschel] As Hitler goes into Austria,
807
00:47:44,945 --> 00:47:48,907
he travels through Braunau,
his birthplace.
808
00:47:52,452 --> 00:47:54,288
He travels through Linz,
809
00:47:54,371 --> 00:47:58,959
the city where he had experienced
his very unglamorous youth,
810
00:47:59,626 --> 00:48:01,879
and then he enters Vienna.
811
00:48:04,548 --> 00:48:08,051
["Ride of the Valkyries"
swells triumphantly]
812
00:48:08,135 --> 00:48:09,636
[crowd cheering]
813
00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:12,055
[Goeschel] This is a personal triumph
for Hitler.
814
00:48:12,139 --> 00:48:14,725
He has been a vagrant in Vienna.
815
00:48:14,808 --> 00:48:18,437
He has been a nobody
before the First World War in that city.
816
00:48:18,520 --> 00:48:22,316
Now, he returns to Vienna 25 years later
817
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:25,068
as the leader of destiny
818
00:48:25,152 --> 00:48:28,822
who brings Austria back into Germany.
819
00:48:34,077 --> 00:48:37,164
[crowd cheering]
820
00:48:49,760 --> 00:48:50,886
[Pendas] Up till that point,
821
00:48:50,969 --> 00:48:55,933
the plan really had been to turn Austria
into a subordinate client state,
822
00:48:56,516 --> 00:49:00,062
but this popular enthusiasm
convinces Hitler
823
00:49:00,145 --> 00:49:03,106
that he can simply annex Austria entirely
824
00:49:03,190 --> 00:49:05,984
and incorporate it fully
into the German Reich.
825
00:49:06,693 --> 00:49:08,862
[Hitler, in German] German men and women,
826
00:49:09,863 --> 00:49:14,868
I now proclaim a new mission
to this country.
827
00:49:15,369 --> 00:49:19,039
It corresponds to the commandment
that once called the German settlers
828
00:49:19,122 --> 00:49:22,292
from all parts of the old Empire
to this place.
829
00:49:22,376 --> 00:49:25,253
From now on, the oldest eastern territory
of the German people
830
00:49:25,337 --> 00:49:29,216
shall be the youngest bulwark
of the German nation,
831
00:49:29,299 --> 00:49:31,051
and thus of the German Reich!
832
00:49:31,134 --> 00:49:33,512
[crowd cheering wildly]
833
00:49:33,595 --> 00:49:35,722
[Goeschel, in English]
For Hitler, the Anschluss
834
00:49:35,806 --> 00:49:39,726
is one of the greatest personal triumphs
of his life.
835
00:49:40,477 --> 00:49:46,525
He boasts that he has fulfilled
one of the biggest historical injustices,
836
00:49:46,608 --> 00:49:51,196
and that is that Austria had been
a separate state from Germany.
837
00:49:51,905 --> 00:49:53,949
[Hitler, in German]
As the Führer and the Chancellor
838
00:49:54,032 --> 00:49:56,118
of the German nation and the Reich,
839
00:49:56,910 --> 00:50:01,039
I now announce
before all the German history
840
00:50:01,540 --> 00:50:04,292
the entry of my homeland
into the German Reich.
841
00:50:04,376 --> 00:50:06,336
-[crowd cheering]
-[tense music playing]
842
00:50:15,971 --> 00:50:19,641
JEW
843
00:50:19,725 --> 00:50:23,687
[Pendas, in English] For Austrian Jews,
the Anschluss is a catastrophe.
844
00:50:24,563 --> 00:50:28,567
They're one of the larger
Jewish populations in Central Europe,
845
00:50:28,650 --> 00:50:31,278
heavily concentrated
in the city of Vienna.
846
00:50:31,361 --> 00:50:34,823
And when the Nazis
take control in Austria…
847
00:50:34,906 --> 00:50:36,575
JUDAISM IS A CRIME
848
00:50:36,658 --> 00:50:39,995
…Austrian Jews face the entire process
849
00:50:40,078 --> 00:50:43,832
of exclusion,
discrimination, expropriation
850
00:50:43,915 --> 00:50:48,003
that had been unfolding in Germany
over the previous four years
851
00:50:48,086 --> 00:50:50,589
very, very dramatically and very quickly.
852
00:50:50,672 --> 00:50:52,674
[crowds shouting in distance]
853
00:50:54,885 --> 00:50:58,555
[Shirer] The SA and SS were picking
hundreds of Jews off the streets,
854
00:50:59,097 --> 00:51:01,058
or hauling them out of their homes
855
00:51:01,141 --> 00:51:04,853
to clean the latrines in the barracks
and other buildings seized by them.
856
00:51:07,439 --> 00:51:09,900
I'd never seen
quite such humiliating scenes
857
00:51:09,983 --> 00:51:11,443
in Berlin or Nuremberg,
858
00:51:12,069 --> 00:51:13,945
or such Nazi sadism.
859
00:51:16,406 --> 00:51:18,742
[somber music playing]
860
00:51:18,825 --> 00:51:20,952
After Hitler marched in,
861
00:51:21,036 --> 00:51:26,083
a non-Jewish friend
that I had known for many, many years
862
00:51:26,166 --> 00:51:29,878
threw me on the street
and made me scrub the street,
863
00:51:29,961 --> 00:51:32,672
and he called me "Du sau Jude,"
"you pig Jew."
864
00:51:34,382 --> 00:51:37,135
That following week,
the benches in the parks
865
00:51:37,219 --> 00:51:40,680
were already marked,
"No Jews. No Jews allowed."
866
00:51:40,764 --> 00:51:41,765
FOR ARYANS ONLY
867
00:51:41,848 --> 00:51:44,101
[Heller] Jews were dismissed
from their job.
868
00:51:44,184 --> 00:51:45,185
JEWS FORBIDDEN!
869
00:51:45,268 --> 00:51:46,770
[Heller] People disappeared.
870
00:51:47,270 --> 00:51:48,980
People were scared to death.
871
00:51:52,692 --> 00:51:55,195
[Hett] There's a degree
of brutality and barbarity
872
00:51:55,278 --> 00:51:56,613
which is something entirely new.
873
00:51:56,696 --> 00:52:01,618
It represents a big escalation
in Nazi anti-Semitic persecution.
874
00:52:01,701 --> 00:52:05,872
THE SAME BLOOD BELONGS IN A UNITED REICH!
875
00:52:06,957 --> 00:52:11,461
[Cuthbertson] Shirer begins reporting
for CBS Radio on air in 1937,
876
00:52:11,545 --> 00:52:14,923
and at the time of the Anschluss
in March of 1938,
877
00:52:15,423 --> 00:52:17,968
Shirer was living, uh, in Vienna.
878
00:52:18,844 --> 00:52:24,224
And Shirer's wife Tess
had a very difficult pregnancy.
879
00:52:24,975 --> 00:52:28,728
[Linda Shirer Rae] My mother
developed complications after the Cesarean
880
00:52:28,812 --> 00:52:32,440
and was seriously ill for several weeks.
881
00:52:33,692 --> 00:52:36,069
She had a Jewish obstetrician
882
00:52:36,153 --> 00:52:37,988
who had to go into hiding,
883
00:52:38,071 --> 00:52:39,322
rather sensibly.
884
00:52:41,783 --> 00:52:42,993
But at some point,
885
00:52:43,076 --> 00:52:45,829
she needed to have another operation,
886
00:52:45,912 --> 00:52:49,166
and he operated on her in secrecy.
887
00:52:50,250 --> 00:52:53,086
But it took her
a very, very long time to recover.
888
00:52:54,504 --> 00:52:58,508
[van Dyk] Now my grandfather
wants to get my grandmother out of Vienna,
889
00:52:58,592 --> 00:53:01,178
and he wants to move her to Geneva,
890
00:53:01,261 --> 00:53:04,639
where she and my mother Eileen
will be safe.
891
00:53:04,723 --> 00:53:07,017
[somber music playing]
892
00:53:08,894 --> 00:53:10,687
[Shirer] It was not so easy
to leave Austria
893
00:53:10,770 --> 00:53:12,355
now that Hitler had taken over.
894
00:53:13,523 --> 00:53:15,233
The Gestapo was on the prowl,
895
00:53:15,317 --> 00:53:19,070
not only for Jews and dissident Austrians,
but for foreigners.
896
00:53:23,283 --> 00:53:27,162
At the Aspern Airport,
I explained to the Gestapo chief
897
00:53:27,245 --> 00:53:31,333
that Tess was too weak to stand up,
and I would go over the luggage with him.
898
00:53:36,379 --> 00:53:40,926
[van Dyk] While my grandfather is having
their suitcases searched,
899
00:53:41,009 --> 00:53:45,680
my grandmother is taken off
by officials to be searched.
900
00:53:47,933 --> 00:53:50,310
[Shirer] I explained
that she was heavily bandaged,
901
00:53:50,393 --> 00:53:51,478
the danger of infection.
902
00:53:52,520 --> 00:53:53,939
Then they led me aside.
903
00:53:54,814 --> 00:53:56,233
"Wait here," they said.
904
00:53:58,526 --> 00:53:59,903
I heard the lock turn.
905
00:53:59,986 --> 00:54:01,529
-[lock clicks]
-[Shirer] I was locked in.
906
00:54:01,613 --> 00:54:02,739
[no audible dialog]
907
00:54:02,822 --> 00:54:06,952
[Shirer] Then I heard Tess shout, "Bill,
they're taking me away to strip me!"
908
00:54:08,578 --> 00:54:12,958
[Rae] The German inspectors
insisted on taking the bandages off.
909
00:54:13,041 --> 00:54:14,251
They apparently suspected
910
00:54:14,334 --> 00:54:18,213
that my parents were trying
to smuggle money out of the country.
911
00:54:18,964 --> 00:54:21,216
They figured that the bandages were fake,
912
00:54:21,299 --> 00:54:24,636
but they found out apparently very quickly
that they were not.
913
00:54:27,681 --> 00:54:30,433
[Cuthbertson] It was extremely painful,
it was extremely embarrassing,
914
00:54:30,517 --> 00:54:33,019
and Shirer was absolutely enraged.
915
00:54:34,896 --> 00:54:36,439
They were able to get on the plane
916
00:54:36,523 --> 00:54:39,734
only because the Swiss pilot
of this airliner,
917
00:54:40,318 --> 00:54:42,320
he knew what was happening,
he was sympathetic,
918
00:54:42,404 --> 00:54:44,322
and he held the plane for them.
919
00:54:45,991 --> 00:54:48,118
[Shirer] We flew over the Alps
to Switzerland.
920
00:54:48,201 --> 00:54:51,579
Sanity, civilization, freedom
921
00:54:51,663 --> 00:54:53,915
after the barbarian Nazi nightmare.
922
00:54:56,668 --> 00:55:00,130
[somber music continues]
923
00:55:01,298 --> 00:55:07,387
[in German] The prosecution assumes
that in 1938,
924
00:55:08,346 --> 00:55:10,974
a more severe treatment
925
00:55:12,017 --> 00:55:14,811
of the Jews was introduced.
926
00:55:16,813 --> 00:55:20,567
Is that true, and what is the explanation?
927
00:55:21,901 --> 00:55:25,697
[Streicher] Yes, clearly in 1938,
928
00:55:26,573 --> 00:55:31,453
the Jewish question
entered into a new phase.
929
00:55:32,329 --> 00:55:34,706
I myself can only say in this connection
930
00:55:35,206 --> 00:55:40,754
that there was no preliminary conference
on this subject.
931
00:55:40,837 --> 00:55:43,089
I assume that the Führer,
932
00:55:44,215 --> 00:55:47,719
impulsive as he was
and acting on the spur of the moment,
933
00:55:49,304 --> 00:55:52,390
only got around, probably on November 9,
934
00:55:53,475 --> 00:55:55,268
to saying to Dr. Goebbels,
935
00:55:56,603 --> 00:55:59,647
"Tell the organizations
936
00:56:00,607 --> 00:56:03,026
that the synagogues must be burned down."
937
00:56:03,526 --> 00:56:06,279
I myself did not attend such a meeting.
938
00:56:07,822 --> 00:56:11,201
GERMANS DON'T BUY FROM JEWS
939
00:56:11,284 --> 00:56:13,411
[Hett, in English] The Nazis
had been trying to get
940
00:56:13,495 --> 00:56:15,455
Jewish people to leave Germany for years,
941
00:56:15,538 --> 00:56:19,292
but by 1938, the majority
of German Jews had not left.
942
00:56:19,376 --> 00:56:21,419
This may seem strange in retrospect,
943
00:56:21,503 --> 00:56:24,964
but we have to remember
that they didn't know what was coming.
944
00:56:25,757 --> 00:56:28,968
The Nazis are becoming a bit frustrated
with this situation,
945
00:56:29,052 --> 00:56:31,179
and after the annexation of Austria,
946
00:56:31,262 --> 00:56:34,474
both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels
are looking for an opportunity
947
00:56:34,557 --> 00:56:37,769
to ratchet up
the degree of anti-Jewish persecution.
948
00:56:37,852 --> 00:56:39,813
[intense music playing]
949
00:56:39,896 --> 00:56:43,566
[Pendas] They get that opportunity
when a Jewish refugee in Paris
950
00:56:43,650 --> 00:56:46,611
murders a German diplomat serving there.
951
00:56:47,946 --> 00:56:52,492
News of the diplomat's death
comes through on November 9th, 1938,
952
00:56:52,575 --> 00:56:54,244
and for the Nazis,
953
00:56:54,327 --> 00:56:56,663
this is the moment
they've been waiting for.
954
00:56:57,872 --> 00:57:00,583
[Goeschel] Hitler uses the murder
955
00:57:00,667 --> 00:57:05,880
as a pretext to retaliate
against Germany's Jews,
956
00:57:05,964 --> 00:57:10,218
to make clear that Jewish life
is no longer wanted,
957
00:57:10,301 --> 00:57:13,388
will no longer be tolerated
in Nazi Germany.
958
00:57:13,471 --> 00:57:17,183
[music intensifies]
959
00:57:17,267 --> 00:57:18,101
[dogs barking]
960
00:57:18,184 --> 00:57:23,606
[Pendas] What happens is they unleash
the SA and the SS and the police
961
00:57:23,690 --> 00:57:26,693
on Jewish people
in cities throughout Germany.
962
00:57:27,485 --> 00:57:29,988
GERMANS! DEFEND YOURSELVES!
DON'T BUY FROM JEWS!
963
00:57:31,698 --> 00:57:34,117
To see my father punched
964
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:36,536
and to see that being done to my mother
965
00:57:36,619 --> 00:57:39,247
was a frightening and painful experience.
966
00:57:39,330 --> 00:57:41,875
[glass shattering]
967
00:57:44,961 --> 00:57:47,547
We heard glass breaking.
968
00:57:47,630 --> 00:57:51,009
My mother said, "Tonight we're gonna die."
969
00:57:52,260 --> 00:57:56,848
I didn't know what dying was,
but she was crying, and I cried.
970
00:57:56,931 --> 00:58:02,604
JEW
971
00:58:02,687 --> 00:58:05,982
WATCH OUT JEWS
972
00:58:06,065 --> 00:58:08,860
[Pendas] They attack Jewish shops.
They loot.
973
00:58:15,158 --> 00:58:17,160
They burn down synagogues.
974
00:58:22,916 --> 00:58:27,420
They drag Jewish individuals
out through the streets.
975
00:58:28,046 --> 00:58:30,006
They beat them mercilessly.
976
00:58:34,469 --> 00:58:36,179
[music fades out]
977
00:58:36,262 --> 00:58:38,932
[Goeschel] The events
of 9th of November 1938
978
00:58:39,015 --> 00:58:41,809
are often called Reichskristallnacht,
979
00:58:41,893 --> 00:58:43,436
"Night of Broken Glass."
980
00:58:44,479 --> 00:58:46,981
Not only glass was broken or shattered,
981
00:58:47,482 --> 00:58:51,277
almost 100 people
were bestially murdered by Nazis.
982
00:58:52,153 --> 00:58:56,199
Up to 30,000 Jewish men
were paraded humiliatingly
983
00:58:56,282 --> 00:58:59,994
through Germany's streets
and taken to concentration camps.
984
00:59:00,745 --> 00:59:02,497
The Nazis present the events
985
00:59:02,580 --> 00:59:06,417
as spontaneous outbursts
of popular anti-Semitism.
986
00:59:06,501 --> 00:59:08,628
This is a fabricated myth.
987
00:59:08,711 --> 00:59:10,004
This is a Nazi lie.
988
00:59:10,755 --> 00:59:14,259
The Night of Broken Glass,
to use the euphemistic term,
989
00:59:14,342 --> 00:59:18,388
was a coordinated anti-Semitic pogrom
990
00:59:19,055 --> 00:59:22,934
that combined
state-sponsored anti-Semitic violence
991
00:59:23,017 --> 00:59:26,104
with grassroots anti-Semitic violence.
992
00:59:29,107 --> 00:59:33,861
[Hett] And after all of this violence
visited upon Jewish communities by Nazis,
993
00:59:33,945 --> 00:59:37,115
the German-Jewish community
is being made to pay for the damage.
994
00:59:38,157 --> 00:59:40,285
It's, of course, entirely perverse,
995
00:59:40,368 --> 00:59:44,163
but it is entirely in keeping
with Nazi Jewish persecution.
996
00:59:44,247 --> 00:59:45,665
[dark music playing]
997
00:59:45,748 --> 00:59:48,001
[Goeschel]
After the Night of Broken Glass,
998
00:59:48,084 --> 00:59:52,130
Hitler and the Nazis had not decided
how they will resolve
999
00:59:52,213 --> 00:59:56,759
what they euphemistically called
the Jewish Problem or the Jewish Question.
1000
00:59:56,843 --> 00:59:59,429
The events of the Night of Broken Glass
1001
00:59:59,512 --> 01:00:02,557
have shown that part of the solution
1002
01:00:02,640 --> 01:00:06,936
will be murder, violence,
and mass incarceration.
1003
01:00:07,729 --> 01:00:13,234
Hitler gives a notorious speech
on 30th of January 1939,
1004
01:00:13,318 --> 01:00:17,864
the anniversary of his appointment
as Reich Chancellor in 1933.
1005
01:00:17,947 --> 01:00:21,868
He makes a catastrophic pronouncement.
1006
01:00:21,951 --> 01:00:24,787
[crowd cheering and applauding]
1007
01:00:29,626 --> 01:00:33,546
[in German]
If international Jewish financiers
1008
01:00:33,630 --> 01:00:36,132
in and outside of Europe
1009
01:00:36,883 --> 01:00:41,929
succeed in plunging the nations
once more into a world war,
1010
01:00:42,013 --> 01:00:46,184
the result will not be the Bolshevization
of Earth, and this the victory of Jewry,
1011
01:00:46,267 --> 01:00:49,437
but the annihilation
of the Jewish race in Europe!
1012
01:00:49,520 --> 01:00:52,857
[crowd cheering and applauding]
1013
01:01:00,365 --> 01:01:03,409
[Shirer, in English] I knew well enough
that there was little hope for the Jews,
1014
01:01:04,202 --> 01:01:05,411
but for some reason,
1015
01:01:05,495 --> 01:01:08,164
this publicly-expressed threat
by the dictator
1016
01:01:08,247 --> 01:01:10,458
did not register very strongly with me.
1017
01:01:12,168 --> 01:01:14,337
There had not yet been any mass killings.
1018
01:01:16,214 --> 01:01:18,966
I could not quite grasp
that such a thing could occur.
1019
01:01:20,468 --> 01:01:23,179
After all, Germany was a Christian country
1020
01:01:23,262 --> 01:01:25,682
with a very deep
and rich European culture.
1021
01:01:25,807 --> 01:01:27,433
WORK SETS YOU FREE
1022
01:01:28,059 --> 01:01:30,395
[Shirer] Hitler repeated the threat
five times
1023
01:01:30,478 --> 01:01:32,814
in subsequent public utterances that year.
1024
01:01:35,858 --> 01:01:40,530
My own naïveté in regard to his designs
was greater than I realized.
1025
01:01:40,613 --> 01:01:43,700
[Hitler shouting indistinctly in distance]
1026
01:01:45,201 --> 01:01:46,411
[Shirer] But no one can say
1027
01:01:46,494 --> 01:01:49,163
that Adolf Hitler
did not give full warning
1028
01:01:49,247 --> 01:01:52,917
of the barbarian world
he intended to make.
1029
01:01:55,878 --> 01:01:57,630
[plaintive piano music playing]