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[melodic Hawaiian song playing]
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[foreboding music plays faintly]
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-[jet engines droning]
-[Hawaiian song fades out]
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[TV announcer] 0755 hours,
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first wave of Japanese planes
attacks Hickam Field
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to keep the American Air Corps
from mounting a counterattack.
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The bulk of Hawaiian land-based air power
is destroyed in 20 minutes.
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[foreboding music continues]
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[TV announcer] 0757 hours,
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the major strike
against the primary target begins.
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Battleship Row,
the backbone of the Pacific fleet.
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Seven of eight battleships
are seriously damaged.
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The attack at Pearl Harbor
has erased the great debate
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on America's participation
in World War II.
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[Omer Bartov] The Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor is devastating, of course,
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for the Americans
because it destroys a vast amount
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of the American Pacific fleet,
uh, with very heavy American casualties.
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The response by Hitler to that
is somewhat surprising,
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because Hitler does not wait
for the Americans.
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Hitler declares war on the United States.
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[Hitler, in German]
Germany, Italy, and Japan
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will wage the common war
forced upon them by the USA and England
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with all the means of power
at their disposal,
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to a victorious conclusion.
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[crowd applauding and cheering]
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[Devin Pendas, in English] Hitler thinks
war against America is inevitable anyway.
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He's convinced that America,
along with Russia,
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is really the-- the heart of world Jewry.
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[suspenseful music playing]
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[Pendas] For Hitler, America is the locus
for the Jewish world conspiracy
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in its capitalist dimension,
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just like Moscow is the locus
for the Jewish world conspiracy
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in its communist dimension.
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This is, of course, absurd.
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[Bartov] He is beginning to think
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in these prophetic or, if you like,
apocalyptic terms of a world war,
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of a struggle for existence.
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And for him,
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this is something that triggers
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all his fantasies
of annihilation and destruction.
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[Shirer] Two things might be said
about the Nazi Germans at the outset.
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First, they are out
not only to conquer our world,
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but to smash it.
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Second, in attaining that goal,
they will stop at nothing.
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Hitler says the enemy
is to be annihilated.
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Not only conquered, but wiped out,
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vanquished from the stage of history.
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We're fighting
to avoid that fate for ourselves,
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to avoid being destroyed completely.
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[theme music playing]
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[moody music playing]
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[match flicks]
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[Steve Wick] After he gets back
to New York in December 1940,
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he publishes Berlin Diary.
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It's an eyewitness account
of what happened in Germany,
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but he also stays with CBS.
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He's covering major events.
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[Ken Cuthbertson] He had his own show.
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Radio was going gangbusters,
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and, um, it was the preferred medium
of entertainment and of news
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in the United States
and really around the world.
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You'd turn on your radio in the evening
after dinner or around the dinner table,
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and there is Shirer reporting
what's happening in the war.
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[Shirer] Nazi Germany
and Soviet Russia tonight
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are fighting it out on a 2,000-mile front,
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stretching from the Arctic Sea
to the Black Sea.
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Germany struck today
against her late friend and helpmate
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with the same kind of lightning force
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which she unleashed
on the Western Front a year ago.
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It seems destined to develop
into the greatest war in history.
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[dramatic music playing]
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[jet engines roaring]
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[bombs whistling]
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-[explosion]
-[glass shattering]
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[Nicole Eaton] What is so phenomenal
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about the German invasion
of the Soviet Union in June 1941
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is the sheer scale.
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Over three million men on the German side,
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massive air and military capability.
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What is remarkable
about how unaware Stalin was
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is that he had received
over a hundred intelligence reports
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telling him that the invasion
was imminent,
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and he thought
they were all fake intelligence
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and dismissed it.
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The German army
brought in tanks, panzers, weapons.
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The Luftwaffe brought in
thousands of planes.
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It was the greatest military campaign
in the history of the world.
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-[dramatic music continues]
-[distant explosions]
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[Anne Berg] It's really crucial
to understand that Hitler's overall view
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was that this is
a fundamentally different kind of war
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than any of the wars that the Nazis waged
on the western fronts.
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[Pendas] He makes it very clear
that this is a struggle
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between National Socialism and Marxism.
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He also means it in a racial sense.
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This is an insane ideological framing.
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For him, the ideology of world communism
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is an expression
of the Jewish world spirit,
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and so the ideological struggle
and the racial struggle, for Hitler,
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are two sides of the same coin.
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[Bartov] Hitler,
in his briefing to his generals,
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says that what we will fight
will be a Vernichtungskrieg,
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will be a war of extermination.
That's the term he uses.
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We eliminate all those who resist us
and all those we see as our enemies,
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whether they resist us or not.
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[jet engines roaring]
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[Eaton] Operation Barbarossa,
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which was the German invasion
of the Soviet Union,
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was arguably genocidal from the start.
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The ultimate end was to kill
as many people as possible
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and make the survivors
a sort of uneducated peasant class
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that would serve the German people.
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[jet engine drones]
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[artillery firing rapidly]
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[Bartov] The idea is that one army group
would move through the Baltics
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and head to Leningrad.
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One army group would move
through the center, through Belarus,
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and then on to Moscow,
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and the third would move into Ukraine,
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and then go all the way to the Black Sea.
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Within a few months,
the Germans suffer heavy casualties.
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This is one thing that the Wehrmacht
experiences for the first time.
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They are encountering
very heavy resistance by the Red Army.
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[Alexandra Richie]
Stalin's method of fighting
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is the tried-and-true Russian way of war.
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You just throw more men
and matériel at the problem.
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And the Soviet Union is big enough
and there are enough people
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for him to manage to do this.
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[intriguing music playing]
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[Eaton] The sheer amount of territory,
the distance that needed to be covered,
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proved to be overwhelming for the Germans.
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All of these highly-mechanized tanks
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had trouble
moving along poor Russian roads.
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[Bartov] In September,
the elements start coming into play.
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There is the mud period,
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what they call the Schlammperiode
or the rasputitsa…
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and then comes winter.
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[wind blowing forcefully]
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[Berg] There are basically
many times during the year
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where the roads are not passable.
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The winter of 1941
is one of the coldest on record,
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with meter-high masses of snow,
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horrendous temperature drops.
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[Eaton] Hitler and the German leadership
appeal to the German people
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to assist in the war effort
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by having a winter clothing drive
and sending warm clothing to the front.
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Often, it would be women's fur coats,
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um, and other objects
that were not military clothing at all
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in a desperate attempt to keep them warm.
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[Bartov] Then in December 1941,
the war changes completely.
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We could say in retrospect
that the fortunes of Germany change.
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[somber string music playing]
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[Shirer] There was a new note
of confidence
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on the Russian communiqué today,
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hinting that the Red Army was going
over to the offensive on a wide front.
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Hitler's failure to destroy
Russian resistance by winter
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constitutes the greatest setback
he's received in this war by far.
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He's lost this great battle with time.
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[artillery firing]
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[Bartov] The Germans not only
fail to take Moscow,
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but the Red Army counterattacks
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and pushes the German army
about 100 kilometers, 60 miles, west.
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The Germans get stuck there,
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having sustained
about a million casualties.
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So about a third of the German force
that entered the Soviet Union
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had become casualties.
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[dramatic music playing]
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That is clearly the moment
at which the blitzkrieg is over.
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[Richard J. Evans]
Operation Barbarossa ground to a halt.
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The generals didn't know what to do.
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They started having heart attacks,
nervous breakdowns.
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They looked to Hitler for leadership.
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[Hitler shouting indistinctly]
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[Christopher Browning]
Some German generals
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want to carry out a strategic retreat
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and to shorten the length of the line
that they have to defend.
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[Bartov] Hitler orders the army
to stay put, not to retreat.
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And in his mind,
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this is what ultimately stopped
the Soviet advance.
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[Richard J. Evans] He came more and more
to believe that the generals,
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they were cowards, even traitors.
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[Eaton] And he decided to declare himself
the Supreme Commander of the army.
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He thought the stakes were so high,
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and he thought so highly of himself
as a grand strategist,
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that he thought
that no one else could do this task.
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[Hitler continues shouting indistinctly]
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[anticipatory music playing]
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[Hans Laternser, in German]
Do you know, Field Marshal,
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whether other military leaders too
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had differences with Hitler?
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[keyboard clacking]
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Of 17 Field Marshals
who were members of the Army,
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only one Field Marshal
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managed to get through the war
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and keep his position as Field Marshal.
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All these leaders
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were highly-qualified officers,
militarily speaking,
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but they were all sent away
because Hitler distrusted them.
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[Laternser] Were you of the opinion that,
for reasons of military obedience,
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you had to tolerate everything,
or rather, cooperate with everything?
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[von Manstein] The military duty to obey
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is, without doubt,
binding and indivisible.
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The right or the duty to disobey
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does not exist for the soldier.
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[Francine Hirsch, in English]
A lot of people thought following orders
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was a legitimate defense,
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00:13:18,839 --> 00:13:22,968
but I think that the prosecution
really made the compelling case
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that in this war,
which was clearly a war of extermination,
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where these orders
were to, like, wipe out entire peoples
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and commit mass atrocities,
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that there was no viable defense
of following orders.
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[Evans] It's very important to realize
that Hitler wasn't too concerned
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about the Western Front.
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From the moment that he invaded
the Soviet Union to the end of the war,
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there's never less than two-thirds
of the German armed forces
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are engaged on the Eastern Front.
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This is always
the main theater of war for Hitler.
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00:14:02,174 --> 00:14:04,385
[Bartov] Apart from the war in the west,
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00:14:05,010 --> 00:14:09,181
Germany's fighting two wars
once it invades the Soviet Union.
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00:14:10,391 --> 00:14:15,563
One war is a military war.
The other is the war against the Jews.
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00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:19,066
[Richie] Hitler goes in
with very much this idea
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of racial annihilation, racial cleansing,
from the very beginning.
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And to this end,
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he has created things
called Einsatzgruppen.
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These are special killing squads
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that are invented
specifically for the hunting down
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and murder of civilians.
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There is no other purpose for them.
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The commanders of these murder squads
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were people who came,
not from the dregs of society
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as we'd like to think,
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but were people who had academic degrees.
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They were young men.
They were dedicated to their task.
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So the idea was, "Cool, rational killing
of people we had identified
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as the enemies of the people,
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00:15:06,405 --> 00:15:09,283
of the Volk, of the nation,
and of the race."
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00:15:09,366 --> 00:15:11,201
-[unsettling music playing]
-[woman screaming]
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00:15:11,285 --> 00:15:12,786
[soldier shouting in German]
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00:15:16,874 --> 00:15:17,791
[gun fires]
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00:15:18,334 --> 00:15:21,170
[Richie] In Poland, they're first used
against this intelligentsia,
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00:15:21,253 --> 00:15:22,504
against the elite.
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00:15:24,089 --> 00:15:27,635
And they're specifically used
against the Jewish populations.
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[Berg] This has been termed by some
as "the Holocaust by bullets…"
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00:15:31,180 --> 00:15:33,182
-[guns firing]
-[people shouting]
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00:15:33,265 --> 00:15:35,726
…because it happens
across of your territory,
245
00:15:35,809 --> 00:15:37,603
in almost all cities and towns
246
00:15:37,686 --> 00:15:39,897
where there are
sizable Jewish populations.
247
00:15:45,819 --> 00:15:47,696
[unsettling music continues]
248
00:15:51,784 --> 00:15:55,329
[Bartov] The killings move
from the killing of men, mostly men,
249
00:15:55,412 --> 00:15:58,040
to killing of entire Jewish populations.
250
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:05,965
And the most distinct example of that
is what happens in September 1941 in Kyiv.
251
00:16:10,177 --> 00:16:12,429
[suspenseful music playing]
252
00:16:12,513 --> 00:16:13,430
[motor roaring]
253
00:16:13,514 --> 00:16:15,349
[Bartov] The Germans conquer Kyiv.
254
00:16:17,518 --> 00:16:20,396
And then the Soviets evacuate the city.
255
00:16:21,522 --> 00:16:26,235
[Browning] The Soviets have left behind
bombs operating on timers,
256
00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:30,197
and explosions begin to go off
in buildings the Germans have occupied.
257
00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:32,199
[Bartov] The Germans retaliate,
258
00:16:32,783 --> 00:16:35,285
but not against the Red Army soldiers.
259
00:16:35,369 --> 00:16:41,458
They retaliate by calling upon
all the remaining Jewish population,
260
00:16:42,084 --> 00:16:46,588
33,000 men, women,
and children, to assemble,
261
00:16:46,672 --> 00:16:49,675
and those people are led to a ravine.
262
00:16:49,758 --> 00:16:52,302
[suspenseful music continues]
263
00:16:57,725 --> 00:16:59,727
[woman screaming in panic]
264
00:17:00,894 --> 00:17:02,646
[Dina Pronicheva, in Russian]
So they took us.
265
00:17:03,272 --> 00:17:05,274
[gun shots heard in distance]
266
00:17:05,357 --> 00:17:06,817
[dog barking]
267
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,904
[Pronicheva] I realized
I was in danger of being shot.
268
00:17:11,780 --> 00:17:15,075
Perhaps they might even
kill me on the spot.
269
00:17:16,660 --> 00:17:18,245
I was beaten with batons.
270
00:17:19,371 --> 00:17:21,373
I was beaten like everyone else,
271
00:17:22,249 --> 00:17:23,792
but I kept my dignity.
272
00:17:24,460 --> 00:17:25,586
I didn't fall down.
273
00:17:27,713 --> 00:17:30,382
They lined us up
along a very narrow ledge,
274
00:17:30,924 --> 00:17:33,093
where one could barely stand.
275
00:17:34,845 --> 00:17:36,722
I just saw that all the people
276
00:17:38,098 --> 00:17:41,351
were lined up in a single file.
277
00:17:42,728 --> 00:17:43,645
[woman cries out]
278
00:17:52,112 --> 00:17:53,572
[soldier grunts aggressively]
279
00:17:53,655 --> 00:17:55,324
[Pronicheva] I was looking down.
280
00:17:55,824 --> 00:17:59,620
I couldn't bear to see
the barbarity taking place around me.
281
00:18:02,581 --> 00:18:04,208
They began to shoot everybody.
282
00:18:06,126 --> 00:18:07,503
[woman sobbing softly]
283
00:18:07,586 --> 00:18:09,463
-[gunshot]
-[woman screams]
284
00:18:11,215 --> 00:18:12,216
[body thuds]
285
00:18:16,386 --> 00:18:17,221
[dog barks]
286
00:18:17,304 --> 00:18:18,347
[gunshot]
287
00:18:19,848 --> 00:18:21,016
-[gunshot]
-[body thuds]
288
00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:24,144
[gunshot]
289
00:18:28,607 --> 00:18:29,441
[body thuds]
290
00:18:31,026 --> 00:18:33,487
[Pronicheva] I closed my eyes,
clenched my fists,
291
00:18:33,570 --> 00:18:37,241
tensed all my muscles, and jumped.
292
00:18:39,660 --> 00:18:43,747
I landed on the corpses. I wasn't shot.
293
00:18:46,166 --> 00:18:47,459
[Richie, in English] In the end,
294
00:18:47,543 --> 00:18:52,631
over 30,000 human beings
lie dead in the ravines of Babyn Yar.
295
00:18:53,674 --> 00:18:56,802
It's-- it's a horror
beyond our imaginations.
296
00:18:59,012 --> 00:19:04,143
[Pronicheva, in Russian]
After a while, the shooting stopped.
297
00:19:05,018 --> 00:19:07,938
I heard the Germans coming down
into the ravine…
298
00:19:10,607 --> 00:19:13,694
to finish off
those who were still moaning.
299
00:19:15,696 --> 00:19:18,490
I remained very still.
300
00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:24,746
I inhaled as much as I could,
I gathered all my strength,
301
00:19:25,622 --> 00:19:27,040
and dug myself out.
302
00:19:34,131 --> 00:19:36,091
[somber music playing]
303
00:19:42,681 --> 00:19:45,434
[Amen, in English] I wish to call
as a witness for the prosecution
304
00:19:46,143 --> 00:19:48,145
Mr. Otto Ohlendorf.
305
00:19:49,438 --> 00:19:50,856
Otto Ohlendorf.
306
00:19:53,192 --> 00:19:56,904
[Shirer] Otto Ohlendorf
was the leader of Einsatzgruppe D,
307
00:19:57,487 --> 00:20:01,491
and typical of many who had risen
to eminence in Himmler's SS,
308
00:20:01,575 --> 00:20:04,828
a university graduate,
with a doctorate in jurisprudence.
309
00:20:04,912 --> 00:20:07,372
An intellectual, a brilliant economist,
310
00:20:07,456 --> 00:20:08,832
he had served most of the war
311
00:20:08,916 --> 00:20:12,461
overseeing surveillance
for the Reich Security Main Office.
312
00:20:12,544 --> 00:20:16,965
But for one year, he had taken on
an assignment away from the capital.
313
00:20:17,049 --> 00:20:18,926
[typewriter keys clacking]
314
00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:23,055
[Amen] Do you know
how many persons were liquidated
315
00:20:23,138 --> 00:20:26,934
by Einsatzgruppe D under your direction?
316
00:20:27,434 --> 00:20:32,022
[Ohlendorf, in German]
From July 1941 to June 1942,
317
00:20:32,564 --> 00:20:37,110
the Einsatzkommandos reported
90,000 people liquidated.
318
00:20:38,695 --> 00:20:41,907
[Amen, in English] Did that include
men, women, and children?
319
00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:43,825
[Ohlendorf, in German] Yes.
320
00:20:43,909 --> 00:20:46,119
[Amen, in English]
Did you personally supervise
321
00:20:46,203 --> 00:20:49,456
mass execution of these individuals?
322
00:20:50,249 --> 00:20:53,877
[Ohlendorf, in German]
I was present at two mass executions
323
00:20:53,961 --> 00:20:55,712
for purposes of inspection.
324
00:20:56,672 --> 00:21:00,175
[Nikitchenko, in Russian] In what category
would you consider the children?
325
00:21:00,676 --> 00:21:01,510
[Ohlendorf] Uh…
326
00:21:01,593 --> 00:21:03,595
[Nikitchenko] For what reason
were they massacred?
327
00:21:04,179 --> 00:21:06,890
[Ohlendorf, in German]
The order was that the Jewish population
328
00:21:06,974 --> 00:21:08,934
should be totally exterminated.
329
00:21:09,017 --> 00:21:12,187
[Nikitchenko, in Russian]
Were all the Jewish children murdered?
330
00:21:13,146 --> 00:21:14,982
[Ohlendorf, in German] Yes, yes.
331
00:21:15,607 --> 00:21:18,443
[trial spectators murmuring]
332
00:21:20,654 --> 00:21:24,574
[melancholy music playing]
333
00:21:24,658 --> 00:21:26,410
[birds chirping]
334
00:21:26,493 --> 00:21:32,165
[Pendas, in English] These mass executions
are horrific and gruesome.
335
00:21:34,251 --> 00:21:36,503
And so they use alcohol to compensate.
336
00:21:37,879 --> 00:21:40,674
They are very frequently drunk
during the shootings.
337
00:21:40,757 --> 00:21:44,094
They're almost invariably drunk
after the shootings.
338
00:21:44,594 --> 00:21:46,763
It's-- it's a coping mechanism.
339
00:21:48,307 --> 00:21:51,101
Nazi leadership,
you know, Himmler in particular,
340
00:21:51,184 --> 00:21:55,063
was concerned for the mental well-being
341
00:21:55,147 --> 00:21:58,859
of the SS
who were having to shoot these people.
342
00:22:01,445 --> 00:22:03,530
This shows the perversity
343
00:22:03,613 --> 00:22:06,783
of the moral priorities
that the Nazis have.
344
00:22:06,867 --> 00:22:10,412
They acknowledge
that this is emotionally traumatic,
345
00:22:10,495 --> 00:22:11,997
but only for the killers.
346
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:14,082
[dark music playing]
347
00:22:15,751 --> 00:22:20,422
[Richie] It's mass murder on a scale
that has never been seen before.
348
00:22:21,965 --> 00:22:25,052
The death toll is astronomical.
349
00:22:27,304 --> 00:22:31,725
It's estimated
that around 1.5 million people
350
00:22:31,808 --> 00:22:33,477
were murdered in this way.
351
00:22:37,397 --> 00:22:38,774
-[gunshot]
-[body thuds]
352
00:22:39,483 --> 00:22:41,651
[Eaton] Heinrich Himmler,
once in the field,
353
00:22:41,735 --> 00:22:45,030
was shown an execution of a hundred Jews.
354
00:22:47,199 --> 00:22:49,618
[Richie] Supposedly, Himmler turns green
355
00:22:49,701 --> 00:22:52,788
because some brains
splattered onto his uniform.
356
00:22:52,871 --> 00:22:55,540
And after this is over,
he feels very sick.
357
00:22:55,624 --> 00:22:58,001
He then goes to talk to the Einsatzgruppen
358
00:22:58,085 --> 00:23:00,379
that have put on
this demonstration for him.
359
00:23:00,462 --> 00:23:01,963
He's told, "Look, you see,
360
00:23:02,047 --> 00:23:06,134
it's only 100 people who have been killed,
and look at how difficult it is."
361
00:23:06,218 --> 00:23:10,055
[Pendas] This is one of the things
that drives the Germans
362
00:23:10,138 --> 00:23:15,894
to shift from executions of Jews,
uh, by way of shooting them,
363
00:23:15,977 --> 00:23:21,024
and they start looking
for more efficient ways
364
00:23:21,108 --> 00:23:23,193
of carrying out mass murder.
365
00:23:25,737 --> 00:23:29,491
[choir singing "O Tannenbaum" in German]
366
00:23:39,501 --> 00:23:42,087
[Berg, in English]
Around Christmastime of 1941,
367
00:23:42,879 --> 00:23:46,341
we see a shift towards
what we have come to know
368
00:23:46,425 --> 00:23:48,135
as the Final Solution,
369
00:23:48,218 --> 00:23:51,638
the mass extermination
of the Jewish population.
370
00:23:52,931 --> 00:23:55,142
[uneasy music playing]
371
00:23:55,225 --> 00:23:56,393
[indistinct chattering]
372
00:23:56,476 --> 00:23:58,311
[Benjamin Carter Hett]
Hitler's leadership style
373
00:23:58,395 --> 00:24:03,692
really played into the way in which
he set a direction for the Holocaust.
374
00:24:03,775 --> 00:24:05,485
He always wanted to avoid
375
00:24:05,569 --> 00:24:08,572
having documented orders from him
that could be traced back
376
00:24:08,655 --> 00:24:11,908
in the event that some policy decision
became unpopular.
377
00:24:11,992 --> 00:24:15,120
[Browning] He basically gave
verbal orders, met with people, talked,
378
00:24:15,203 --> 00:24:17,456
and didn't leave a written trail
379
00:24:17,539 --> 00:24:20,167
that would be there
for historians to follow.
380
00:24:21,001 --> 00:24:24,296
However, we know
that the whole genocidal machine
381
00:24:24,379 --> 00:24:27,132
would not have gone
in the direction it went without Hitler.
382
00:24:28,133 --> 00:24:31,511
[Berg] Hitler essentially puts
Reinhard Heydrich in charge
383
00:24:31,595 --> 00:24:34,264
of planning and sort of conceptualizing
384
00:24:34,347 --> 00:24:35,932
the sort of mass killing.
385
00:24:36,516 --> 00:24:38,852
[Richie] He was really the evil genius
386
00:24:38,935 --> 00:24:42,856
behind so many things
that are going to become the Holocaust.
387
00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:46,860
[Bartov] Reinhard Heydrich
is Himmler's second-in-command.
388
00:24:48,195 --> 00:24:53,116
He was known as
the most Aryan-looking top Nazi official,
389
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:57,829
uh, much more than Himmler or Eichmann
or Hitler or Goering or Goebbels.
390
00:24:58,622 --> 00:25:02,459
Quite ruthless and a good organizer
391
00:25:02,542 --> 00:25:05,962
and, apparently, very loyal to Himmler.
392
00:25:07,506 --> 00:25:09,716
[Browning] The goal is
that Jews are to disappear
393
00:25:09,799 --> 00:25:11,510
not by expulsion and decimation,
394
00:25:11,593 --> 00:25:13,970
but by total systematic mass murder.
395
00:25:15,096 --> 00:25:16,640
Then the question is,
396
00:25:16,723 --> 00:25:20,143
how does this get disseminated
to the rest of the German government?
397
00:25:20,227 --> 00:25:22,312
That's the purpose
of the Wannsee Conference.
398
00:25:22,395 --> 00:25:26,358
[pleasant waltz music playing]
399
00:25:33,448 --> 00:25:34,824
[Richie] The Wannsee Conference
400
00:25:34,908 --> 00:25:38,286
is a conference
which was convened by Reinhard Heydrich…
401
00:25:38,370 --> 00:25:39,496
[silverware clinking]
402
00:25:39,579 --> 00:25:42,541
…with his deputy Adolf Eichmann,
403
00:25:42,624 --> 00:25:45,919
amongst the high officials
of the Third Reich,
404
00:25:46,002 --> 00:25:49,714
in order to effectively
get their collaboration.
405
00:25:51,508 --> 00:25:54,302
The Wannsee Villa is a beautiful villa
406
00:25:54,386 --> 00:25:58,348
on this lovely shore
of the Lake Wannsee in Berlin.
407
00:25:59,349 --> 00:26:02,936
Lovely fireplace and chandeliers,
and there's a big, huge table,
408
00:26:03,019 --> 00:26:05,564
and a huge buffet has been set out,
409
00:26:05,647 --> 00:26:08,608
and Heydrich and Eichmann have made sure
410
00:26:08,692 --> 00:26:11,695
that very good wines
and cognacs are available.
411
00:26:11,778 --> 00:26:14,948
So the atmosphere is very jovial,
it's very warm,
412
00:26:15,031 --> 00:26:18,243
and yet the actual content
of the discussion
413
00:26:18,326 --> 00:26:21,621
is absolutely chilling to the bone.
414
00:26:22,831 --> 00:26:25,792
[Browning] It starts with
a Heydrich monologue in which he says,
415
00:26:25,875 --> 00:26:27,794
"Up until last fall,
416
00:26:27,877 --> 00:26:31,131
we had been dealing with
the Jewish question through immigration,"
417
00:26:31,214 --> 00:26:33,842
which, of course,
means expulsion and decimation.
418
00:26:34,634 --> 00:26:39,264
[Richie] Heydrich says, "We here
all agree that from this day forth,
419
00:26:39,347 --> 00:26:43,476
we are going to go
and comb Europe from west to east
420
00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,563
and find every Jewish man,
woman, and child,
421
00:26:46,646 --> 00:26:50,609
and we're gonna transport them
to camps where they will be killed."
422
00:26:52,068 --> 00:26:55,030
[Browning] Hitler made the decision
to send the Jews to the east,
423
00:26:55,113 --> 00:26:56,865
and that is underway.
424
00:26:56,948 --> 00:27:00,744
They now have to accept
Heydrich's leadership and to participate.
425
00:27:01,453 --> 00:27:05,415
[Richie] The SS,
in order to implement this huge project,
426
00:27:05,498 --> 00:27:07,208
they're going to need the cooperation
427
00:27:07,292 --> 00:27:10,128
of these various ministries
and other officials.
428
00:27:10,211 --> 00:27:11,630
They can't run it on their own.
429
00:27:11,713 --> 00:27:15,342
They need help with the trains.
They need help with financial management.
430
00:27:15,425 --> 00:27:18,219
[Browning] Heydrich was worried.
Would they go along?
431
00:27:19,721 --> 00:27:22,432
It turned out, of course,
that they fell all over each other
432
00:27:23,141 --> 00:27:26,686
competing to be more cooperative
and trying to be helpful.
433
00:27:27,187 --> 00:27:29,189
[uneasy music playing]
434
00:27:32,192 --> 00:27:34,944
[Browning] So having discussed
murdering 11 million Jews in Europe,
435
00:27:35,028 --> 00:27:39,407
they then get up from the table
and go to serve themselves at the buffet.
436
00:27:40,575 --> 00:27:43,828
Heydrich was so pleased, he did something
he'd never done with Eichmann,
437
00:27:43,912 --> 00:27:45,914
he sat down and had cognac and a cigar.
438
00:27:45,997 --> 00:27:47,165
They celebrated.
439
00:27:47,248 --> 00:27:48,083
[glasses clink]
440
00:27:48,166 --> 00:27:51,544
[Browning] Because everybody
had fallen into line enthusiastically.
441
00:27:57,676 --> 00:28:00,387
[Bartov] The authorities
in German-occupied Poland
442
00:28:00,470 --> 00:28:04,349
start construction
of six extermination camps.
443
00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:07,519
WORK SETS YOU FREE
444
00:28:07,602 --> 00:28:09,604
[Browning] There is an evolution
of the camps
445
00:28:09,688 --> 00:28:11,648
as they get bigger and more sophisticated.
446
00:28:11,731 --> 00:28:16,611
Auschwitz, then, is the technological apex
of the evolution of the death camp.
447
00:28:18,405 --> 00:28:20,532
[dark music playing]
448
00:28:20,615 --> 00:28:23,993
[Berg] Auschwitz I is a camp
that actually has brick buildings
449
00:28:24,077 --> 00:28:26,621
and barracks built with kilns.
450
00:28:32,752 --> 00:28:36,548
Auschwitz-Birkenau is sited
about three kilometers
451
00:28:36,631 --> 00:28:39,050
from the original camp complex,
452
00:28:39,134 --> 00:28:44,222
and that is a massive territory
where rudimentally-erected barracks…
453
00:28:47,684 --> 00:28:50,937
There are no facilities, no sewage system,
454
00:28:51,438 --> 00:28:56,568
no infrastructure of any kind
besides delousing facilities.
455
00:28:56,651 --> 00:28:59,863
And later on, crematoria are being built
456
00:28:59,946 --> 00:29:03,491
in order to serve as a killing center
457
00:29:03,575 --> 00:29:05,910
for Jews deported from all over Europe.
458
00:29:09,914 --> 00:29:11,499
[Richie] From the moment you got there,
459
00:29:11,583 --> 00:29:14,878
all morality that you thought
you understood in the world
460
00:29:14,961 --> 00:29:16,379
was turned on its head.
461
00:29:18,882 --> 00:29:21,134
[Berg] The conditions are unspeakable.
462
00:29:21,217 --> 00:29:23,303
People are crammed into barracks
463
00:29:23,386 --> 00:29:25,889
that have no ventilation, no heating.
464
00:29:26,389 --> 00:29:29,100
In the summer,
it's exceedingly hot and sticky,
465
00:29:29,184 --> 00:29:32,353
uh, with people sleeping
often in their own excrement.
466
00:29:41,654 --> 00:29:45,825
Labor details still take place
in a place like Birkenau.
467
00:29:46,451 --> 00:29:48,828
And then excessive fear,
468
00:29:48,912 --> 00:29:52,749
because everyone who is not possible
to perform labor assigned to them
469
00:29:53,249 --> 00:29:56,795
makes themselves subject
to potential selections,
470
00:29:56,878 --> 00:30:02,133
and everyone in Auschwitz-Birkenau
knows that that means death by gas.
471
00:30:04,761 --> 00:30:06,596
[Pendas] Prior to Auschwitz,
472
00:30:06,679 --> 00:30:09,808
the Germans experiment
with various forms of gassing.
473
00:30:10,308 --> 00:30:11,768
First, with gas vans.
474
00:30:11,851 --> 00:30:14,270
[somber music playing]
475
00:30:18,608 --> 00:30:20,610
[motor rumbling lowly]
476
00:30:22,695 --> 00:30:25,657
[Pendas] And then eventually
with stationary gas chambers.
477
00:30:26,491 --> 00:30:27,492
BLUE ACID
478
00:30:27,575 --> 00:30:31,955
[Bartov] There were four
killing facilities in Auschwitz.
479
00:30:32,747 --> 00:30:36,459
The killing occurred with cyanide pellets,
480
00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:40,296
which would be thrown
into the gas chambers from the top,
481
00:30:40,380 --> 00:30:45,093
and those pellets then dissolve
and create deadly gas.
482
00:30:47,595 --> 00:30:49,681
[Pendas] People would be clawing
all over each other…
483
00:30:49,764 --> 00:30:50,598
ACCESS PROHIBITED
484
00:30:50,682 --> 00:30:52,725
…trying to crawl up
as high as they could get
485
00:30:52,809 --> 00:30:54,811
to find what little fresh air
was remaining,
486
00:30:54,894 --> 00:30:58,064
since the poison gas
was coming up from the floor.
487
00:30:58,565 --> 00:31:02,151
It would take ten, 20 minutes
for people to die.
488
00:31:03,152 --> 00:31:04,904
They're slowly asphyxiating.
489
00:31:04,988 --> 00:31:06,990
They're crying. They're vomiting.
490
00:31:07,073 --> 00:31:09,826
It's-- it's a horrific, awful…
491
00:31:11,953 --> 00:31:13,913
[mournful orchestral music playing]
492
00:31:13,997 --> 00:31:20,795
STOP!
493
00:31:46,321 --> 00:31:50,783
[Bartov] Mass killing has happened
much more often than we'd like to think,
494
00:31:51,576 --> 00:31:53,453
before and after the Holocaust.
495
00:31:54,746 --> 00:31:56,581
But this kind of industrial killing,
496
00:31:56,664 --> 00:31:58,499
where you create factories
497
00:31:58,583 --> 00:32:04,172
whose purpose is transporting people
by trains from all across the continent
498
00:32:04,255 --> 00:32:08,426
for the purpose of gassing
and cremating them,
499
00:32:08,509 --> 00:32:10,470
and making them just vanish,
500
00:32:10,553 --> 00:32:15,099
is and remains, uh,
unique to the Holocaust.
501
00:32:15,183 --> 00:32:16,392
[doors squeak]
502
00:32:17,143 --> 00:32:19,562
[mournful orchestral music continues]
503
00:32:23,775 --> 00:32:27,236
[music fades to silence]
504
00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:29,697
[typewriter keys clacking]
505
00:32:29,781 --> 00:32:31,491
[Shirer] It was at the Nuremberg Trial
506
00:32:31,574 --> 00:32:35,078
that I at last learned
about the Final Solution,
507
00:32:35,161 --> 00:32:37,413
the diabolical plan of Hitler
508
00:32:37,497 --> 00:32:40,583
carried out so ruthlessly
by Heydrich and Himmler.
509
00:32:42,835 --> 00:32:45,964
A good deal of the truth
had gradually filtered out to the Allies
510
00:32:46,047 --> 00:32:47,757
during the course of the war,
511
00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:49,509
but not to the general public.
512
00:32:50,134 --> 00:32:54,055
My own naïveté in regard to his designs
was greater than I realized.
513
00:32:54,889 --> 00:32:57,517
The revelations
of what they intended to do
514
00:32:57,600 --> 00:33:00,770
were so shocking
that I could scarcely believe them.
515
00:33:01,646 --> 00:33:06,150
Hitler was determined, he said,
to make Europe Jew-free.
516
00:33:06,234 --> 00:33:08,069
He almost succeeded.
517
00:33:08,152 --> 00:33:10,238
[chilling music playing]
518
00:33:13,074 --> 00:33:15,535
[trial participant]
Prosecution for the United States
519
00:33:16,411 --> 00:33:18,162
will, at this time,
520
00:33:18,246 --> 00:33:21,833
present a documentary film
on concentration camps.
521
00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:24,794
[gavel bangs]
522
00:33:24,877 --> 00:33:27,630
[Pendas] Part of the point
of the Nuremberg Trial
523
00:33:27,714 --> 00:33:31,259
is to teach a history lesson to the world,
524
00:33:31,342 --> 00:33:33,928
and the prosecution decides
525
00:33:34,012 --> 00:33:37,974
that there are few
better teaching documents
526
00:33:38,057 --> 00:33:39,100
than film itself.
527
00:33:40,768 --> 00:33:44,856
Well-known filmmaker Roman Karmen
was recruited by the Russians.
528
00:33:44,939 --> 00:33:48,651
The United States was working
with the Schulberg brothers,
529
00:33:48,735 --> 00:33:49,861
Budd and Stuart,
530
00:33:49,944 --> 00:33:52,155
and the Hollywood director John Ford.
531
00:33:53,156 --> 00:33:55,533
The Schulbergs scoured Europe
532
00:33:55,616 --> 00:33:59,162
trying to find the Nazis' own footage
of the atrocities they'd committed,
533
00:33:59,245 --> 00:34:02,915
which the Germans had tried
and failed to destroy or hide.
534
00:34:04,459 --> 00:34:06,753
The prosecution shows that footage
535
00:34:06,836 --> 00:34:09,589
along with footage
from the liberation of the camps,
536
00:34:10,173 --> 00:34:13,426
and that creates
one of the most dramatic moments
537
00:34:13,509 --> 00:34:14,719
of the entire trial.
538
00:34:16,554 --> 00:34:18,848
[Dodd] This film, which we offer,
539
00:34:19,557 --> 00:34:24,062
represents in a brief
and unforgettable pall,
540
00:34:25,063 --> 00:34:31,360
an explanation of what the words
"concentration camp" imply.
541
00:34:33,279 --> 00:34:35,364
[chilling music continues]
542
00:34:36,115 --> 00:34:38,284
[Pendas] The atmosphere
changes completely.
543
00:34:38,826 --> 00:34:40,828
There's a hush in the room.
544
00:34:42,288 --> 00:34:44,707
You can hear the whir of the projector.
545
00:34:54,008 --> 00:34:57,595
On the screen, these images come.
546
00:34:59,180 --> 00:35:02,433
Images out of nightmares.
547
00:35:04,769 --> 00:35:08,356
And the people weren't prepared for this.
548
00:35:08,898 --> 00:35:11,234
[projector whirring]
549
00:35:33,256 --> 00:35:37,385
[Pendas] Some of the defendants
do hang their heads in shame.
550
00:35:38,678 --> 00:35:40,638
But a lot of them seem bored,
551
00:35:42,390 --> 00:35:44,892
which is pretty appalling,
if you think about the fact
552
00:35:44,976 --> 00:35:47,687
that these defendants
are responsible for that.
553
00:35:47,770 --> 00:35:50,481
[somber orchestral music playing]
554
00:35:58,281 --> 00:35:59,365
[projector stops]
555
00:36:07,248 --> 00:36:11,127
[Pendas] When I watch this film,
still to this day,
556
00:36:11,210 --> 00:36:13,546
I've been studying this
my entire adult life,
557
00:36:13,629 --> 00:36:17,466
and every time I see some of these images,
I can't believe that people did this.
558
00:36:19,510 --> 00:36:22,138
The films basically say, "This…
559
00:36:23,764 --> 00:36:26,142
this is what the Nazis have wrought."
560
00:36:28,019 --> 00:36:29,103
"Look at this."
561
00:36:30,605 --> 00:36:34,233
"This cannot ever be allowed
to happen again."
562
00:36:34,317 --> 00:36:36,110
[projector whirring]
563
00:36:38,696 --> 00:36:39,572
[projector stops]
564
00:36:50,791 --> 00:36:53,502
[haunting music playing]
565
00:36:56,297 --> 00:37:02,762
[Hitler, in German] In a few weeks,
the winter is going to break in the South,
566
00:37:02,845 --> 00:37:05,348
and then the spring
will move farther north.
567
00:37:05,431 --> 00:37:06,891
Ice will melt,
568
00:37:07,808 --> 00:37:09,644
and then the hour will come
569
00:37:09,727 --> 00:37:12,104
when the ground
is hard and firm once again,
570
00:37:12,188 --> 00:37:16,400
when the German soldier
can operate his machinery,
571
00:37:16,484 --> 00:37:19,570
when new weapons
will flow there from our homeland,
572
00:37:19,654 --> 00:37:21,906
and when we will be strong again!
573
00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:24,909
[crowd cheering]
574
00:37:28,371 --> 00:37:29,997
[haunting music continues]
575
00:37:35,378 --> 00:37:37,296
[Eaton, in English] In the spring of 1942,
576
00:37:37,380 --> 00:37:40,007
Hitler was convinced that,
since they had survived the winter,
577
00:37:40,091 --> 00:37:42,426
that the initiative
would once again be theirs.
578
00:37:43,386 --> 00:37:46,264
The main mission at that point
was to move to the south
579
00:37:46,347 --> 00:37:47,682
and to capture oil fields,
580
00:37:47,765 --> 00:37:50,851
and also to take major cities
in the south, such as Stalingrad.
581
00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:57,108
Stalingrad was incredibly important
because it was a city named after Stalin.
582
00:37:57,191 --> 00:37:58,859
If Stalingrad were lost,
583
00:37:58,943 --> 00:38:01,404
that would be a huge blow
to the Soviet people.
584
00:38:01,904 --> 00:38:03,990
Hitler told Commander Friedrich Paulus
585
00:38:04,073 --> 00:38:07,410
that victory must be achieved
at all costs,
586
00:38:07,493 --> 00:38:10,371
that surrender was completely impossible.
587
00:38:10,454 --> 00:38:11,372
STALINGRAD - SOUTH
588
00:38:11,455 --> 00:38:13,791
[Eaton] Both sides saw the battle
that would take place there
589
00:38:13,874 --> 00:38:17,211
as one that would in some ways
determine the outcome of the war.
590
00:38:18,004 --> 00:38:21,382
Germany needed a very impressive victory
591
00:38:21,465 --> 00:38:25,219
in order to show the Western Allies,
and also the German people,
592
00:38:25,303 --> 00:38:27,722
that the initiative
was still on the German side,
593
00:38:27,805 --> 00:38:29,557
and Stalingrad could provide that.
594
00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:32,018
[suspenseful music playing]
595
00:38:32,101 --> 00:38:33,853
[Bartov] The offensive
is launched in June.
596
00:38:34,562 --> 00:38:40,151
The German army progresses quite quickly
through Ukraine going east.
597
00:38:40,818 --> 00:38:43,237
It's advancing a little bit too quickly,
598
00:38:43,321 --> 00:38:45,448
so while they're capturing
a lot of territory,
599
00:38:45,531 --> 00:38:47,491
they're not really defeating anyone.
600
00:38:47,575 --> 00:38:49,618
The Soviets are just retreating.
601
00:38:51,495 --> 00:38:55,541
Hitler reaches Stalingrad,
and he can't take the city immediately.
602
00:38:55,624 --> 00:38:57,960
So the timetable is thrown off,
603
00:38:58,044 --> 00:39:02,715
and the army is forced to fight a battle
that it has not been designed to fight.
604
00:39:03,299 --> 00:39:06,594
It turns into a block-by-block urban war,
605
00:39:06,677 --> 00:39:10,389
for which the panzer divisions,
the tanks, are not designed.
606
00:39:11,349 --> 00:39:13,559
[Eaton] This was a house-to-house
street battle,
607
00:39:13,642 --> 00:39:16,604
sometimes German and Soviet soldiers
face-to-face.
608
00:39:17,688 --> 00:39:22,026
Red Army soldiers developed
incredibly creative tactics
609
00:39:22,109 --> 00:39:25,029
to ambush the Germans,
to shoot them from windows,
610
00:39:25,112 --> 00:39:27,615
to throw bombs at them,
to mine various houses.
611
00:39:28,240 --> 00:39:29,617
[tense music playing]
612
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:32,536
[Browning] As the Germans
are sucked into Stalingrad,
613
00:39:32,620 --> 00:39:36,457
uh, Stalin launches the counterattack,
which surrounds the city.
614
00:39:40,711 --> 00:39:42,671
Hitler and his forces are trapped.
615
00:39:42,755 --> 00:39:46,300
They're totally exhausted. You know,
Ammunition, food, everything is gone.
616
00:39:51,889 --> 00:39:54,934
[Hirsch] Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus
wanted to surrender.
617
00:39:55,684 --> 00:39:58,646
He was the commander
of the 6th German Army,
618
00:39:59,605 --> 00:40:01,357
but Hitler told him no,
619
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:05,111
and expected that if all else failed,
that Paulus would commit suicide.
620
00:40:06,112 --> 00:40:10,408
[Eaton] Hitler was constitutionally
incapable of retreating,
621
00:40:10,491 --> 00:40:16,705
because it was part of his worldview
never to negotiate from a weak point,
622
00:40:16,789 --> 00:40:19,333
but only to negotiate
from a position of strength.
623
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:22,711
[no audible dialog]
624
00:40:22,795 --> 00:40:26,424
[Hirsch] Field Marshal
Friedrich von Paulus does surrender,
625
00:40:26,507 --> 00:40:30,803
and Hitler is absolutely furious
about this.
626
00:40:37,101 --> 00:40:40,563
[Browning] This is a catastrophic defeat.
An entire army is destroyed.
627
00:40:41,147 --> 00:40:44,191
[dispiriting music playing]
628
00:40:45,234 --> 00:40:47,945
[Eaton] The losses
were nearly unprecedented.
629
00:40:48,028 --> 00:40:51,991
An army of almost 300,000 people,
630
00:40:52,074 --> 00:40:56,120
out of them, over 150,000 Germans died.
631
00:40:58,622 --> 00:41:01,792
[brisk orchestral music playing]
632
00:41:13,471 --> 00:41:19,310
[Zorya, in Russian] I will ask permission
to bring before the tribunal
633
00:41:20,978 --> 00:41:24,315
Field Marshal of the former German Army,
634
00:41:25,149 --> 00:41:26,400
Friedrich Paulus.
635
00:41:26,484 --> 00:41:28,444
[trial spectators murmuring]
636
00:41:28,527 --> 00:41:30,696
[Hirsch, in English]
The Russian prosecutors
637
00:41:30,779 --> 00:41:33,491
spring this surprise witness on everyone.
638
00:41:34,158 --> 00:41:36,285
Paulus comes into the courtroom.
639
00:41:38,871 --> 00:41:42,333
And by all accounts,
this is this-- this huge moment.
640
00:41:43,459 --> 00:41:45,961
It was thought that he was dead.
641
00:41:48,130 --> 00:41:50,132
Goering is absolutely furious.
642
00:41:52,968 --> 00:41:56,263
He sees Paulus
as the most total traitor there could be.
643
00:42:00,476 --> 00:42:03,896
[in Russian] Your last official position
was Commander-in-Chief
644
00:42:03,979 --> 00:42:06,190
of the 6th Army at Stalingrad?
645
00:42:08,567 --> 00:42:09,568
[Paulus, in German] Yes.
646
00:42:10,152 --> 00:42:12,488
[Hirsch, in English]
The defendants themselves,
647
00:42:12,571 --> 00:42:15,157
they're going out of their minds
to see Paulus there
648
00:42:15,241 --> 00:42:17,993
because they know
that he's going to incriminate them.
649
00:42:18,077 --> 00:42:20,955
[Rudenko, in Russian]
Whom do you consider as guilty
650
00:42:21,038 --> 00:42:25,501
of the criminal initiation
of the war against Soviet Russia?
651
00:42:27,670 --> 00:42:30,422
[Paulus, in German]
The top military advisers to Hitler.
652
00:42:30,506 --> 00:42:33,342
They are the Supreme Command
of the Armed Forces, Keitel,
653
00:42:33,425 --> 00:42:36,554
Chief of the Operations Branch, Jodl,
654
00:42:37,137 --> 00:42:40,224
and Goering,
in his capacity as Reich Marshal.
655
00:42:41,433 --> 00:42:44,144
[Hirsch, in English]
Paulus' testimony is incredibly important
656
00:42:44,228 --> 00:42:47,565
for laying out the conspiracy
to wage aggressive war
657
00:42:47,648 --> 00:42:50,109
and the whole crimes against peace charge.
658
00:42:50,609 --> 00:42:53,988
People who watch the trial
all refer to Paulus,
659
00:42:54,071 --> 00:42:57,866
when they talk about this moment,
as the Specter of Stalingrad,
660
00:42:57,950 --> 00:43:00,494
who had come
to tell the truth about the war.
661
00:43:03,872 --> 00:43:04,957
[typewriter keys clacking]
662
00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:08,252
[Shirer] There was not a word of sympathy
or grief from Hitler
663
00:43:08,335 --> 00:43:11,505
for the more than 100,000 German soldiers
664
00:43:11,589 --> 00:43:14,633
who'd been slaughtered
in the carnage of Stalingrad,
665
00:43:14,717 --> 00:43:19,096
nor was there a single word from Hitler
about his own responsibility
666
00:43:19,179 --> 00:43:22,141
for the greatest military defeat
in German history.
667
00:43:23,225 --> 00:43:27,354
This was a man now doomed,
and by his own folly.
668
00:43:27,938 --> 00:43:30,316
[Hitler speaking indistinctly]
669
00:43:30,399 --> 00:43:33,694
[Browning] After the defeat at Stalingrad,
Hitler's finished,
670
00:43:33,777 --> 00:43:36,947
and he both knew it,
but still also refused to admit it.
671
00:43:37,448 --> 00:43:40,409
The outcome of the war is decided in '42,
672
00:43:40,492 --> 00:43:43,704
even if it's going to take
a very long time to end.
673
00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:48,250
[Eaton] Hitler increasingly held back
from public view.
674
00:43:48,334 --> 00:43:51,879
He knew that the bond
between the people and their Führer
675
00:43:51,962 --> 00:43:54,381
had weakened and could only be strong
676
00:43:54,465 --> 00:43:57,092
when he was succeeding
in military victories.
677
00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:03,641
[Bartov] Meanwhile, Joseph Goebbels,
the Minister of Propaganda,
678
00:44:03,724 --> 00:44:06,310
does what propagandists like him will do.
679
00:44:06,393 --> 00:44:09,104
He tries to snatch victory
from the jaws of defeat
680
00:44:09,188 --> 00:44:12,900
and makes this speech
called the Total War Speech.
681
00:44:14,568 --> 00:44:16,862
[in German] The English say
that the German people
682
00:44:16,945 --> 00:44:19,948
oppose the total war policies
of the government.
683
00:44:20,032 --> 00:44:21,784
[tense, pulsating music playing]
684
00:44:21,867 --> 00:44:26,705
They say the Germans don't want total war,
but capitulation.
685
00:44:26,789 --> 00:44:29,041
[crowd shouting] Never!
686
00:44:29,875 --> 00:44:31,585
[Eaton, in English]
Total war was a concept
687
00:44:31,669 --> 00:44:35,589
whereby the entire German economy,
the entire German home front,
688
00:44:35,673 --> 00:44:37,758
would be called up
to serve the war effort.
689
00:44:38,801 --> 00:44:41,679
[in German] Do we want total war?
690
00:44:41,762 --> 00:44:43,472
[crowd shouting] Yes!
691
00:44:43,555 --> 00:44:45,224
[cheering and applause]
692
00:44:47,810 --> 00:44:53,107
[Bartov, in English] He tries to
stir up sentiments in Germany to say,
693
00:44:53,190 --> 00:44:56,318
"Now we may be defeated,
694
00:44:57,361 --> 00:45:00,698
and therefore,
we have to fight to the end."
695
00:45:00,781 --> 00:45:03,117
"We have to be entirely relentless."
696
00:45:03,951 --> 00:45:08,330
But you have to understand
the reports of the vast number of losses,
697
00:45:08,414 --> 00:45:12,042
the killed and the wounded
who were streaming back to Germany,
698
00:45:12,126 --> 00:45:15,629
are such that the only way
that the regime believes
699
00:45:15,713 --> 00:45:18,549
it can still sustain
the morale of the population
700
00:45:18,632 --> 00:45:21,593
is by saying,
"We will now fight a total war."
701
00:45:21,677 --> 00:45:24,304
[bombs whistling]
702
00:45:24,388 --> 00:45:27,558
-[explosions]
-[somber string music playing]
703
00:45:27,641 --> 00:45:31,395
[Browning] By '43, the Allies
are launching these huge bomber raids.
704
00:45:31,478 --> 00:45:33,814
The magnitude of the air war
705
00:45:33,897 --> 00:45:37,526
and the capacity of the Allies
to destroy entire German cities
706
00:45:37,609 --> 00:45:40,446
is being demonstrated night after night.
707
00:45:42,406 --> 00:45:44,616
They kill 40,000 people in Hamburg.
708
00:45:45,951 --> 00:45:46,827
And the Rhineland.
709
00:45:46,910 --> 00:45:49,913
Cologne and other cities
are being plastered
710
00:45:49,997 --> 00:45:52,958
'cause that area is in fairly short range
from Great Britain.
711
00:45:54,084 --> 00:45:56,044
[Shirer] Last night,
the British Bomber Command
712
00:45:56,128 --> 00:45:59,757
dropped six million pounds
of bombs on Cologne.
713
00:45:59,840 --> 00:46:02,676
It was the greatest bombing attack
in history.
714
00:46:04,052 --> 00:46:07,723
Smoke and fires were visible
at dawn from the coast of Holland.
715
00:46:11,810 --> 00:46:15,022
Three years ago tonight,
the war was 36 hours old.
716
00:46:15,731 --> 00:46:16,690
It was war.
717
00:46:16,774 --> 00:46:20,611
Bloody, cruel, terrible, as are all wars,
718
00:46:20,694 --> 00:46:22,821
and yet, in Berlin that night,
719
00:46:23,322 --> 00:46:26,241
it did not seem quite like that
to most Germans.
720
00:46:26,784 --> 00:46:29,203
The war is much grimmer for them today,
721
00:46:29,286 --> 00:46:31,121
their stomachs more gnawing,
722
00:46:31,205 --> 00:46:33,791
their great hope so much reduced.
723
00:46:33,874 --> 00:46:37,377
And there's no end,
no victory, no peace in sight.
724
00:46:43,675 --> 00:46:47,179
After things began to look
a bit grim for the Nazis,
725
00:46:47,930 --> 00:46:50,849
Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS
and the chief architect
726
00:46:52,017 --> 00:46:54,728
and executor of the Holocaust,
727
00:46:54,812 --> 00:46:57,439
called together leading Nazis,
728
00:46:57,523 --> 00:46:58,524
leading generals,
729
00:46:58,607 --> 00:47:01,485
and gave them a speech at Posen.
730
00:47:02,110 --> 00:47:04,738
[unsettling music playing]
731
00:47:07,699 --> 00:47:10,661
[Himmler, in German] I want to speak
to you here, in complete frankness,
732
00:47:11,411 --> 00:47:13,413
about a very serious subject.
733
00:47:14,498 --> 00:47:18,043
I am referring here
to the evacuation of the Jews,
734
00:47:19,545 --> 00:47:23,882
the eradication of the Jewish people.
735
00:47:25,008 --> 00:47:28,929
[Pendas, in English] One of the only times
where we've got senior Nazi leadership
736
00:47:29,429 --> 00:47:33,267
openly admitting that they are killing
all of the Jews of Europe.
737
00:47:34,476 --> 00:47:36,436
[Himmler, in German] Most of you men know
738
00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:38,564
what it is like
to see 100 corpses side by side,
739
00:47:38,647 --> 00:47:40,649
or 500 or 1,000.
740
00:47:41,733 --> 00:47:43,360
To have stood fast through this,
741
00:47:43,443 --> 00:47:49,074
and except for cases of human weakness,
742
00:47:50,242 --> 00:47:53,495
to have remained decent,
that has made us tough.
743
00:47:53,579 --> 00:47:57,541
This is an unwritten
and never-to-be-written page of glory
744
00:47:57,624 --> 00:47:58,834
in our history.
745
00:48:00,043 --> 00:48:03,964
[Evans, in English] Himmler says
"this history will never be written"
746
00:48:04,047 --> 00:48:06,300
because he knows it is a crime,
747
00:48:06,383 --> 00:48:09,344
in this perverted logic of the Nazis,
748
00:48:09,428 --> 00:48:12,890
which they had to commit
for the future of Germany.
749
00:48:13,807 --> 00:48:15,475
[Himmler, in German]
We had the moral right,
750
00:48:15,976 --> 00:48:18,228
we had the duty
towards our people to destroy
751
00:48:19,229 --> 00:48:21,481
the people that wanted to destroy us.
752
00:48:22,065 --> 00:48:25,569
I will never stand by and watch
753
00:48:25,652 --> 00:48:29,781
while even a small rotten spot
develops or takes hold.
754
00:48:29,865 --> 00:48:35,203
Wherever it may form,
we will burn it away together.
755
00:48:36,830 --> 00:48:41,126
All in all, we can say that we have
carried out this most difficult of tasks
756
00:48:41,209 --> 00:48:43,420
in a spirit of love for our people.
757
00:48:44,546 --> 00:48:47,549
And we have suffered no harm
758
00:48:48,175 --> 00:48:53,096
to our inner being,
our soul, our character.
759
00:48:54,640 --> 00:48:56,850
[Bartov, in English]
It's very hard to understand
760
00:48:56,934 --> 00:49:00,103
the extent to which
these people were so warped.
761
00:49:00,187 --> 00:49:04,399
What he's trying to say
to his own SS officers and to himself
762
00:49:05,275 --> 00:49:08,737
is that what they're doing
is something that is glorious.
763
00:49:08,820 --> 00:49:10,697
This is a great act.
764
00:49:11,239 --> 00:49:14,826
That the mass murder
that the SS is involved in
765
00:49:14,910 --> 00:49:17,788
elevates them to a higher moral sphere.
766
00:49:17,871 --> 00:49:19,915
They are doing something
great for humanity,
767
00:49:19,998 --> 00:49:21,917
but humanity cannot understand it yet.
768
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:24,753
-[unsettling music continues]
-[no audible dialog]
769
00:49:28,465 --> 00:49:30,342
[glasses clinking]
770
00:49:30,425 --> 00:49:32,469
JUSTICE BUILDING
771
00:49:38,392 --> 00:49:40,769
[Franz Exner, in German]
Will you tell the Court what you knew
772
00:49:40,852 --> 00:49:42,104
about the extermination of Jews?
773
00:49:42,187 --> 00:49:44,189
[haunting music playing]
774
00:49:46,525 --> 00:49:49,069
[Exner] I remind you
that you are under oath.
775
00:49:54,282 --> 00:49:58,954
I know just how improbable
these explanations sound,
776
00:49:59,621 --> 00:50:04,167
but I can only express here,
777
00:50:05,752 --> 00:50:11,425
that I never heard
of an extermination of Jews.
778
00:50:14,511 --> 00:50:17,264
On one single occasion
I had became suspicious…
779
00:50:19,850 --> 00:50:25,313
and that was when Himmler spoke
about the revolt in the Jewish Ghetto.
780
00:50:28,316 --> 00:50:30,902
[trial participant, in English]
Are you speaking of Warsaw?
781
00:50:31,653 --> 00:50:35,240
[in German] I am speaking
of the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto.
782
00:50:37,576 --> 00:50:40,245
[somber music playing]
783
00:50:43,331 --> 00:50:45,250
[trolley bell clanging]
784
00:50:45,333 --> 00:50:47,085
[Eaton, in English] In 1943,
785
00:50:47,169 --> 00:50:50,630
conditions in the Jewish ghettos
inside Poland
786
00:50:50,714 --> 00:50:52,841
were becoming increasingly dire.
787
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:57,179
Typhus outbreaks, waves of starvation
788
00:50:57,262 --> 00:51:00,474
were taking thousands
and thousands of lives.
789
00:51:05,103 --> 00:51:07,355
[Berg] The living conditions are cramped.
790
00:51:07,939 --> 00:51:11,109
Entire families slave in ghetto workshops.
791
00:51:12,319 --> 00:51:15,530
People clung to the hope
that working for the Nazis
792
00:51:15,614 --> 00:51:17,449
would potentially save them.
793
00:51:18,283 --> 00:51:21,286
[Eaton] But as the Final Solution
was being put into place,
794
00:51:21,369 --> 00:51:24,456
there were also movements
to liquidate some of these ghettos
795
00:51:24,539 --> 00:51:28,335
and send the Jews into concentration camps
where they would be gassed.
796
00:51:28,418 --> 00:51:30,420
[mournful music playing]
797
00:51:32,672 --> 00:51:35,175
[Richie] The Germans said
they were simply going to be transported
798
00:51:35,258 --> 00:51:36,885
to work camps in the east,
799
00:51:38,512 --> 00:51:42,224
but there was both Jewish intelligence
and Warsaw underground intelligence
800
00:51:42,307 --> 00:51:46,686
saying, "The trains go in full of people.
They always come back empty."
801
00:51:46,770 --> 00:51:49,231
"There's never any food
sent up these lines."
802
00:51:49,314 --> 00:51:51,233
"Something terrible is going on."
803
00:51:54,945 --> 00:51:58,198
There were organizations
in the ghetto which began to say,
804
00:51:58,281 --> 00:52:00,075
"Okay, we're going to resist."
805
00:52:02,369 --> 00:52:06,790
[Vladka Meed] The aim was
to start looking for places
806
00:52:06,873 --> 00:52:09,334
to hide as many children
as we are able to,
807
00:52:10,919 --> 00:52:15,715
and to start buying and looking for arms
808
00:52:16,550 --> 00:52:19,136
and to smuggle them into the ghetto.
809
00:52:19,219 --> 00:52:22,055
[suspenseful music playing]
810
00:52:22,139 --> 00:52:25,142
[Richie] The organizations
had collected Molotov cocktails.
811
00:52:25,225 --> 00:52:26,852
They had some, uh, guns.
812
00:52:26,935 --> 00:52:29,312
They had some other ammunition, weapons.
813
00:52:31,481 --> 00:52:34,067
The Germans thought
this was going to be very quick.
814
00:52:34,151 --> 00:52:36,319
Just clear the ghetto finally.
815
00:52:36,403 --> 00:52:39,531
This was supposed to be
a birthday present for Hitler.
816
00:52:39,614 --> 00:52:41,658
Hitler's birthday is the 20th of April.
817
00:52:41,741 --> 00:52:47,164
And then Warsaw could be declared
Judenrein or Judenfrei, free of Jews.
818
00:52:48,081 --> 00:52:51,209
This was the most significant act
of Jewish resistance
819
00:52:51,293 --> 00:52:53,670
in all of German-occupied Europe.
820
00:52:55,422 --> 00:52:56,882
[guns firing]
821
00:52:56,965 --> 00:52:59,384
-[Richie] it took the Germans by surprise.
-[machine gun fire]
822
00:53:04,347 --> 00:53:08,727
[Richie] The new commander
of the Germans in Warsaw
823
00:53:08,810 --> 00:53:11,396
came up with a new method
of attacking the ghetto,
824
00:53:11,479 --> 00:53:14,482
which was to simply
start to destroy the ghetto by fire.
825
00:53:14,566 --> 00:53:17,819
-[mournful music playing]
-[fires roaring]
826
00:53:18,862 --> 00:53:20,447
[Richie] And so he took flamethrowers,
827
00:53:20,530 --> 00:53:23,283
and they started just burning
building by building.
828
00:53:26,161 --> 00:53:29,915
And I saw also certain pictures,
which were seared in my mind.
829
00:53:30,707 --> 00:53:33,376
Some Jews jumping from buildings.
830
00:53:33,877 --> 00:53:35,670
[intense music playing]
831
00:53:39,049 --> 00:53:41,218
[Meed] And people outside,
832
00:53:41,301 --> 00:53:43,470
some saying, "Oh, take a look."
833
00:53:44,471 --> 00:53:46,848
"Jews are frying now."
834
00:53:49,142 --> 00:53:51,561
We couldn't do too much to help them.
835
00:53:52,354 --> 00:53:54,564
It was the end of the Warsaw Ghetto.
836
00:53:59,778 --> 00:54:02,572
[Richie] Of course, the ghetto fighters
were true heroes,
837
00:54:02,656 --> 00:54:06,409
because they knew
that they were not going to succeed
838
00:54:06,493 --> 00:54:08,286
against the might of the Germans.
839
00:54:08,370 --> 00:54:11,289
They knew that they would be killed,
most of them were,
840
00:54:12,374 --> 00:54:15,085
but their bravery was astronomical,
841
00:54:15,168 --> 00:54:16,378
because they decided
842
00:54:16,461 --> 00:54:20,632
that they were going to fight
with a gun in their hand, or die fighting,
843
00:54:20,715 --> 00:54:24,719
rather than just be taken
to the trains to be murdered.
844
00:54:32,143 --> 00:54:34,145
[intriguing music playing]
845
00:54:35,355 --> 00:54:37,357
[Shirer] As one who has spent
the last eight years
846
00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:39,609
mostly in the totalitarian lands,
847
00:54:41,278 --> 00:54:45,782
I've seen what happens to nations
and peoples that Hitler conquers.
848
00:54:45,865 --> 00:54:47,993
The slaughter of women and children
849
00:54:48,076 --> 00:54:51,079
has been far worse
than in any previous war in history.
850
00:54:51,871 --> 00:54:53,498
Consider Warsaw.
851
00:54:53,581 --> 00:54:56,126
It was a deliberate decision to slaughter,
852
00:54:56,209 --> 00:54:59,254
not opposing troops,
but helpless civilians.
853
00:55:00,380 --> 00:55:02,173
Men of the armed forces
854
00:55:02,924 --> 00:55:06,428
were fighting to survive
and to remain free.
855
00:55:09,639 --> 00:55:11,099
[dramatic music playing]
856
00:55:11,182 --> 00:55:15,020
[TV announcer 1]
It is June 6, 1944. D-Day.
857
00:55:16,021 --> 00:55:17,564
The greatest armada ever assembled
858
00:55:17,647 --> 00:55:20,692
comes to the northern coast of France
to liberate a continent.
859
00:55:20,775 --> 00:55:22,444
[artillery firing]
860
00:55:23,111 --> 00:55:25,113
[TV announcer 2]
Under command of General Eisenhower,
861
00:55:25,196 --> 00:55:27,574
Allied naval forces
supported by strong air forces
862
00:55:27,657 --> 00:55:30,785
began landing Allied armies
on the northern coast of France.
863
00:55:30,869 --> 00:55:33,538
[Pendas] On June the 6th, 1944,
864
00:55:33,621 --> 00:55:36,374
the Americans,
the British, and the Canadians
865
00:55:36,458 --> 00:55:40,628
begin their long-awaited invasion
of Northern Europe.
866
00:55:40,712 --> 00:55:44,466
That's where the terrain allowed
for major offensive operations.
867
00:55:44,549 --> 00:55:46,468
That was the path into Germany.
868
00:55:47,677 --> 00:55:50,513
[TV announcer 3] The first assault boats
move into the Normandy beaches
869
00:55:50,597 --> 00:55:53,058
under deadly enemy crossfire on water.
870
00:55:54,100 --> 00:55:57,979
The unending stream of invading troops
plunge waist-deep into fortified waters
871
00:55:58,063 --> 00:55:59,814
to gain their beachhead objective.
872
00:55:59,898 --> 00:56:02,692
The last few dangerous yards
must be waded,
873
00:56:02,776 --> 00:56:05,653
through underwater mines
and enemy barrage.
874
00:56:05,737 --> 00:56:08,740
[Pendas] Hitler sleeps
through the opening hours of D-Day,
875
00:56:09,324 --> 00:56:12,285
after having spent the night
with his companions
876
00:56:12,369 --> 00:56:15,580
reminiscing about the good old days
of-- of the movement,
877
00:56:15,663 --> 00:56:17,707
but when he finally wakes up
878
00:56:17,791 --> 00:56:20,585
and is informed
that the invasion has started,
879
00:56:20,668 --> 00:56:23,171
he's relieved, optimistic even.
880
00:56:24,714 --> 00:56:27,592
[Evans] Hitler was always overconfident.
881
00:56:27,675 --> 00:56:31,763
He always overestimated
the power and resources of Germany,
882
00:56:31,846 --> 00:56:34,724
which, after all,
is simply a regional power in Europe,
883
00:56:34,808 --> 00:56:38,269
and he was a radical racist
884
00:56:38,353 --> 00:56:43,191
who believed that America
was a mishmash of different races
885
00:56:43,274 --> 00:56:45,068
that could never
really do anything at all.
886
00:56:45,151 --> 00:56:49,072
So he massively underestimated
their power and their determination.
887
00:56:50,740 --> 00:56:52,992
[Shirer] If you listen
to German broadcasts today,
888
00:56:53,076 --> 00:56:56,746
they spoke of today's landings
as being perhaps only diversion,
889
00:56:57,497 --> 00:57:00,291
as if they expected
the main blow somewhere else.
890
00:57:01,709 --> 00:57:05,213
There will be surprises and setbacks,
and many a change in plan.
891
00:57:05,296 --> 00:57:09,551
But in all our excitement,
getting a foothold in press today,
892
00:57:10,135 --> 00:57:13,221
we must remember
that the battle has scarcely begun,
893
00:57:13,721 --> 00:57:15,807
that many grim days lie ahead,
894
00:57:15,890 --> 00:57:18,476
unless, of course, the Germans collapse.
895
00:57:19,185 --> 00:57:23,773
We can be sure that our High Command
certainly is not counting on it.
896
00:57:25,066 --> 00:57:28,194
[Pendas] Once the Allies invade France,
897
00:57:28,278 --> 00:57:31,114
the Germans no longer have an option
898
00:57:31,197 --> 00:57:34,367
to essentially treat
the Western Front as a sideshow.
899
00:57:34,451 --> 00:57:38,872
It is now as big a threat
to Germany's survival
900
00:57:38,955 --> 00:57:40,748
as the war in Russia is.
901
00:57:40,832 --> 00:57:42,250
[dark music playing]
902
00:57:42,333 --> 00:57:47,464
[Pendas] Germany now really is facing
a two-front war
903
00:57:47,547 --> 00:57:49,757
in the fullest possible sense.
904
00:57:57,265 --> 00:57:59,767
[Richie] Hitler in his Wolfsschanze
is effectively,
905
00:57:59,851 --> 00:58:01,728
if he was realistic about it,
906
00:58:01,811 --> 00:58:05,023
watching a map that's shrinking
and shrinking and shrinking.
907
00:58:05,106 --> 00:58:10,111
And these armies are now moving
toward the German borders themselves.
908
00:58:10,820 --> 00:58:13,531
Hitler is, in a way, in a fantasy land.
909
00:58:14,240 --> 00:58:16,993
[Bartov] There is a group
of Wehrmacht officers,
910
00:58:17,076 --> 00:58:19,579
many of them
had served the regime loyally,
911
00:58:19,662 --> 00:58:25,877
and they decide that it is time to try
and find a way of assassinating Hitler.
912
00:58:26,961 --> 00:58:29,964
They realize that Hitler
is going to fight to the end,
913
00:58:30,048 --> 00:58:33,551
and that that will end
with the destruction of Germany.
914
00:58:34,260 --> 00:58:37,096
And they love Germany.
They don't want Germany to be destroyed.
915
00:58:37,180 --> 00:58:39,891
They don't want
all these civilians to be butchered.
916
00:58:41,726 --> 00:58:44,938
The person who had volunteered
and in effect was chosen
917
00:58:45,021 --> 00:58:47,398
to actually carry out
the act of assassination
918
00:58:48,107 --> 00:58:50,693
was Colonel Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg,
919
00:58:51,611 --> 00:58:55,240
who was a count
and aristocrat in the military.
920
00:58:56,574 --> 00:58:59,827
Stauffenberg has been very badly injured
in North Africa.
921
00:58:59,911 --> 00:59:02,830
He's lost an eye,
he's lost his right hand,
922
00:59:02,914 --> 00:59:05,583
and he's lost two fingers
off of his left hand.
923
00:59:05,667 --> 00:59:07,794
[suspenseful music playing]
924
00:59:07,877 --> 00:59:11,381
[Eaton] Stauffenberg recognized
that he had the chance
925
00:59:11,464 --> 00:59:13,841
when he was called to the Wolf's Lair
926
00:59:13,925 --> 00:59:18,137
for a meeting on the 20th of July 1944.
927
00:59:18,930 --> 00:59:21,182
[Richie] He lands at the airfield.
928
00:59:21,266 --> 00:59:23,810
He has the bombs in a briefcase.
929
00:59:23,893 --> 00:59:28,147
He's driven from the airport
to the Wolfsschanze, to the Wolf's Lair,
930
00:59:28,231 --> 00:59:30,692
and then finally
into the final inner sanctum
931
00:59:30,775 --> 00:59:32,610
where Hitler himself worked.
932
00:59:32,694 --> 00:59:35,154
[suspenseful music continues]
933
00:59:35,238 --> 00:59:37,407
[Richie] For Stauffenberg's plan
to succeed,
934
00:59:37,490 --> 00:59:40,159
it would have been better
if the meeting had been held
935
00:59:40,243 --> 00:59:43,079
in one of the concrete bunkers
at the Wolf's Lair,
936
00:59:43,162 --> 00:59:46,082
but the meeting was scheduled
in a wooden building.
937
00:59:46,165 --> 00:59:49,752
And this meant
that the potential power of the bomb blast
938
00:59:49,836 --> 00:59:51,963
would be significantly reduced.
939
00:59:53,131 --> 00:59:56,301
When he arrives,
Stauffenberg asks to go to the bathroom.
940
01:00:16,946 --> 01:00:20,408
He only has time
to arm one of the two explosive devices.
941
01:00:21,034 --> 01:00:22,452
Everything's very, very rushed.
942
01:00:22,535 --> 01:00:25,038
There are people knocking
at the door asking where he is.
943
01:00:25,121 --> 01:00:25,955
[pounding on door]
944
01:00:26,039 --> 01:00:27,832
[Richie] He's absolutely petrified,
945
01:00:27,915 --> 01:00:31,169
because at any moment,
something could go terribly wrong.
946
01:00:34,339 --> 01:00:38,134
The tension is rising
as he gets closer and closer to Hitler.
947
01:00:38,217 --> 01:00:39,761
[indistinct conversations]
948
01:00:40,511 --> 01:00:42,305
[Richie] He goes into the map room.
949
01:00:42,388 --> 01:00:44,682
The generals are around,
the maps laid out.
950
01:00:44,766 --> 01:00:48,102
Hitler starts talking about plans
and the orders of the day.
951
01:00:48,770 --> 01:00:51,773
With the excuse that his hearing
was so badly damaged
952
01:00:51,856 --> 01:00:53,399
by his injuries in North Africa,
953
01:00:53,483 --> 01:00:56,861
Stauffenberg was able
to secure a place close to Hitler.
954
01:00:58,780 --> 01:01:02,575
He then places the briefcase
as close to Hitler as possible.
955
01:01:04,535 --> 01:01:08,039
And then he makes the excuse
that he's got to make a phone call,
956
01:01:08,122 --> 01:01:09,582
and he leaves the room.
957
01:01:13,086 --> 01:01:15,088
[music intensifies]
958
01:01:18,841 --> 01:01:20,968
[Richie] Somebody moves the briefcase
959
01:01:21,052 --> 01:01:24,764
behind a heavy oak table leg
where the meeting is taking place.
960
01:01:28,726 --> 01:01:30,478
Stauffenberg leaves the meeting
in a hurry.
961
01:01:30,561 --> 01:01:32,438
He knows the bomb's gonna go off.
962
01:01:32,522 --> 01:01:36,693
He's rushing toward his car,
and he hears the explosion.
963
01:01:36,776 --> 01:01:38,403
-[explosion]
-[glass shattering]
964
01:01:39,946 --> 01:01:41,948
[tense, pulsating music playing]
965
01:01:45,827 --> 01:01:47,829
[Eaton] He was fully convinced
that he had succeeded.
966
01:01:47,912 --> 01:01:49,497
He thought there was no way
967
01:01:49,580 --> 01:01:51,958
that Hitler could possibly
have survived that explosion.
968
01:01:55,086 --> 01:01:56,671
[somber music playing]
969
01:01:56,754 --> 01:01:58,631
[Richie] When Stauffenberg
flies to Berlin,
970
01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:01,801
to the headquarters,
effectively, of the conspiracy…
971
01:02:04,637 --> 01:02:08,850
Stauffenberg did not know that somebody
had moved the briefcase with the bomb,
972
01:02:08,933 --> 01:02:11,561
and this limited
the impact of the explosion,
973
01:02:12,311 --> 01:02:15,481
and in some ways,
helped Hitler survive the attack.
974
01:02:36,836 --> 01:02:39,297
[Eaton] Hitler was utterly irate.
975
01:02:40,131 --> 01:02:43,843
He demanded that every conspirator
be rounded up immediately…
976
01:02:46,763 --> 01:02:49,891
and that not only
they be executed as traitors,
977
01:02:49,974 --> 01:02:54,020
but every member of their family
and every one of their close associates.
978
01:02:55,897 --> 01:02:58,065
[Shirer] Though he had escaped death
by a miracle,
979
01:02:58,149 --> 01:03:02,695
Adolf Hitler was never the same
after July 20th, 1944.
980
01:03:02,779 --> 01:03:04,113
[guns firing]
981
01:03:05,114 --> 01:03:05,948
[bodies thud]
982
01:03:06,032 --> 01:03:09,952
[Shirer] What had been a tendency to bluff
became plain dishonesty.
983
01:03:10,620 --> 01:03:12,622
He often lied without hesitation
984
01:03:12,705 --> 01:03:14,874
and assumed that others lied to him.
985
01:03:16,292 --> 01:03:17,919
He believed no one anymore.
986
01:03:18,544 --> 01:03:20,797
He frequently lost all self-control,
987
01:03:20,880 --> 01:03:23,382
and his language
grew increasingly violent.
988
01:03:24,467 --> 01:03:27,887
In his intimate circle,
he found no restraining influence.
989
01:03:28,679 --> 01:03:30,097
It was this man alone,
990
01:03:30,181 --> 01:03:33,643
half-mad
and rapidly crumbling in body and mind,
991
01:03:34,560 --> 01:03:36,896
who was able almost single-handedly
992
01:03:36,979 --> 01:03:41,025
to prolong the agony of war
for well-nigh a year.
993
01:03:42,443 --> 01:03:45,822
Nevertheless, this was
the beginning of the end.
994
01:03:50,785 --> 01:03:52,537
[plaintive piano music playing]